Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Great Stone Face

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE AND THE GREAT STONE FACE RALPH TRANGIA MRS. ARAGON HS4-8 In this paper, every OPINION from someone else has been acknowledge in a parenthetical citation. I realize that the mere presence of a parenthetical citation does not avoid plagiarism. If I have used the exact words, phrases, clauses, or sentences from someone else, I have enclosed that information in quotation marks. If I have paraphrased the opinions of someone else, I have not enclosed the paraphrased portions in quotation marks; but I have stated those opinions in my own words. I have also introduced the paraphrase and have a parenthetical citation to acknowledge the source. ALL FACTUAL INFORMATION (common knowledge or uncontested knowledge), though not credited with a parenthetical citation, has been stated in my sentence structure. I have not used anyone else’s organization of the factual information. Signed:_______________________ Nathaniel Hawthorne And The Great Stone I. Author Background A. Early Life 1. Born in Salem, Massachusets 2. His legs were hit while playing â€Å"bat and ball† 3. Became lame and unable to walk 4. Due to being lame he was able to read many books and this is when he got his some stories B. Education 1. Attended Bowdoin College 2. Became classmate with Longfellow and President F. Pierce 3. Refused to take public speaking C. Career 1. Chosen as the American Adviser at Liverpool England 2. Was given the position as a Surveyor in 1846 D. Achievements 1. Anonymously, Hawthorne’s early stories were published 2. In 1837, the publication of twice told tales somewhat lifted this spell of darkness 3. Hawthorne’s short stories became the best of American classics. . The Great Stone Face 5. Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of America’s best writers. Born in Salem, Massachusets on July 4 1804, he grew up with keen awareness of his religious Puritan family, a understanding which inspired many of his works and achievements. He started his career as writer after he graduated in Bowdoin College. For a mean time Hawthorne was picked as surveyor of customs in Salem and later on, a American consul to Liverpool, England. During his free time, he wrote stories and stories.

Converse Target Market Analysis

The Nike-owned American sportswear company has taken over its own distribution in China, moved senior marketing staff to China and put Nike ad agency Wieden & Kennedy in charge of a campaign centered on â€Å"Love Noise,† a documentary film (as well as an integrated marketing campaign) about one of the most quintessential aspects of the music world: the road trip. Two bands, 3,584 miles In August 2008, two Beijing-based groups — the post-punk-rock band P. K. 4, already one of the most influential bands in China, and Queen Sea Big Shark, a hybrid dance-rock group — traveled more than 3,584 miles by bus for two weeks. Alongside local bands in each venue, the two groups performed in six Chinese cities: Nanjing, Hangzhou, Changsha, Wuhan, Xi'an and Beijing. As the tour and story unfold, nine featured musicians reveal their personal journeys on the road to self-expression. The documentary was directed by Liu Feng, a filmmaker who joined Wieden & Kennedy in 2005. The program was created by the independent agency with media-planning support from WPP's Mindshare. Both companies also work with Nike, which acquired Converse in 2003. The documentary rolled out last month and will be distributed to consumers who purchase Converse shoes at local retailers through the end of March. It's a risky move to adapt Converse's music-oriented U. S. strategy for China, because the country's independent music scene is still very small. On tour, unknown bands typically attract dozens or hundreds of people, not thousands. China's independent music scene doesn't have anywhere near the mass appeal it has in the West. It's at the pioneering stage at this point, but it is growing,† said Cheryl Calegari, who relocated to Shanghai as Converse's senior marketing director for Asia/Pacific last January. Close ties with music world Converse has cultivated close ties with the music world for decades. The Chuck Taylor All Star and other Converse shoes have been worn by music legends such as Sid Vicious and Blondie, and Converse created a special-edition shoe for Kurt Cobain. Throughout our 100-year history, we've always celebrated art, music and fashion, so it was a natural fit for us to be a part of what's happening in China,† Ms. Calegari said. Before joining Converse in 2005, she worked with fashion brands such as Tommy Hilfiger and Kenneth Cole. Ms. Calegari arrived in China at about the same time the Nike subsidiary stepped up its presence in the mainland. It has increased its marketing investment and last year switched from a licensing setup to a distributor model. Converse shoes are now sold in more than 1,800 retail outlets in China.

Environmental Effects of Pesticides Essay

Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including nontarget species, air, water, bottom sediments, and food.[1] Pesticide contaminates land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially, and when it is sprayed into water to kill algae.[2] The amount of pesticide that migrates from the intended application area is influenced by the particular chemical’s properties: its propensity for binding to soil, its vapor pressure, its water solubility, and its resistance to being broken down over time.[3] Factors in the soil, such as its texture, its ability to retain water, and the amount of organic matter contained in it, also affect the amount of pesticide that will leave the area.[3] Some pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer.[4] [edit] Air Pesticides can contribute to air pollution . Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them.[5] Pesticides that are applied to crops can volatilize and may be blown by winds into nearby areas, potentially posing a threat to wildlife.[6] Also, droplets of sprayed pesticides or particles from pesticides applied as dusts may travel on the wind to other areas,[7] or pesticides may adhere to particles that blow in the wind, such as dust particles.[8] Ground spraying produces less pesticide drift than aerial spraying does.[9] Farmers can employ a buffer zone around their crop, consisting of empty land or non-crop plants such as evergreen trees to serve as windbreaks and absorb the pesticides, preventing drift into other areas.[10] Such windbreaks are legally required in the Netherlands.[10] Pesticides that are sprayed on to fields and used to fumigate soil can give off chemicals called volatile organic compounds, which can react with other chemicals and form a pollutant called tropospheric ozone. Pesticide use accounts for about 6 percent of total tropospheric ozone levels.[11] [edit] Water In the United States, pesticides were found to pollute every stream and over 90% of wells sampled in a study by the US Geological Survey.[12] Pesticide residues have also been found in rain and groundwater.[3] Studies by the UK government showed that pesticide concentrations exceeded those allowable for drinking water in some samples of river water and groundwater.[13] Pesticide impacts on aquatic systems are often studied using a hydrology transport model to study movement and fate of chemicals in rivers and streams. As early as the 1970s quantitative analysis of pesticide runoff was conducted in order to predict amounts of pesticide that would reach surface waters.[14] There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: it may drift outside of the intended area when it is sprayed, it may percolate, or leach, through the soil, it may be carried to the water as runoff, or it may be spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect.[15] They may also be carried to water by eroding soil.[16] Factors that affect a pesticide’s ability to contaminate water include its water solubility, the distance from an application site to a body of water, weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop, and the method used to apply the chemical.[17] Maximum limits of allowable concentrations for individual pesticides in public bodies of water are set by the Environmental Protection Agency in the US.[3][17] Similarly, the government of the United Kingdom sets Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), or maximum allowable concentrations of some pesticides in bodies of water above which toxicity may occur.[18] The European Union also regulates maximum concentrations of pesticides in water.[18] [edit] Soil Many of the chemicals used in pesticides are persistent soil contaminants, whose impact may endure for decades and adversely affect soil conservation.[19] The use of pesticides decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. Not using the chemicals results in higher soil quality,[verification needed][20] with the additional effect that more organic matter in the soil allows for higher water retention.[3] This helps increase yields for farms in drought years, when organic farms have had yields 20-40% higher than their conventional counterparts.[21] A smaller content of organic matter in the soil increases the amount of pesticide that will leave the area of application, because organic matter binds to and helps break down pesticides.[3] [edit] Effects on biota [edit] Plants Nitrogen fixation, which is required for the growth of higher plants, is hindered by pesticides in soil.[22] The insecticides DDT, methyl parathion, and especially pentachlorophenol have been shown to interfere with legume-rhizobium chemical signaling.[22] Reduction of this symbiotic chemical signaling results in reduced nitrogen fixation and thus reduced crop yields.[22] Root nodule formation in these plants saves the world economy $10 billion in synthetic nitrogen fertilizer every year.[23] Pesticides can kill bees and are strongly implicated in pollinator decline, the loss of species that pollinate plants, including through the mechanism of Colony Collapse Disorder,[24][25][26][27] in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear. Application of pesticides to crops that are in bloom can kill honeybees,[5] which act as pollinators. The USDA and USFWS estimate that US farmers lose at least $200 million a year from reduced crop pollination because pesticides applied to fields eliminate about a fifth of honeybee colonies in the US and harm an additional 15%.[1] On the other side, pesticides have some direct harmful effect on plant including poor root hair development, shoot yellowing and reduced plant growth [28]. [edit] Animals Pesticides inflict extremely widespread damage to biota, and many countries have acted to discourage pesticide usage through their Biodiversity Action Plans.[citation needed] Animals may be poisoned by pesticide residues that remain on food after spraying, for example when wild animals enter sprayed fields or nearby areas shortly after spraying.[9] Widespread application of pesticides can eliminate food sources that certain types of animals need, causing the animals to relocate, change their diet, or starve.[5] Poisoning from pesticides can travel up the food chain; for example, birds can be harmed when they eat insects and worms that have consumed pesticides.[5] Some pesticides can bioaccumulate, or build up to toxic levels in the bodies of organisms that consume them over time, a phenomenon that impacts species high on the food chain especially hard.[5] [edit] Birds Bald eagles are common examples of nontarget organisms that are impacted by pesticide use. Rachel Carson’s landmark book Silent Spring dealt with the loss of bird species due to bioaccumulation of pesticides in their tissues. There is evidence that birds are continuing to be harmed by pesticide use. In the farmland of Britain, populations of ten different species of birds have declined by 10 million breeding individuals between 1979 and 1999, a phenomenon thought to have resulted from loss of plant and invertebrate species on which the birds feed.[29] Throughout Europe, 116 species of birds are now threatened.[29] Reductions in bird populations have been found to be associated with times and areas in which pesticides are used.[29] In another example, some types of fungicides used in peanut farming are only slightly toxic to birds and mammals, but may kill off earthworms, which can in turn reduce populations of the birds and mammals that feed on them.[9] Some pesticides come in granular form, and birds and other wildlife may eat the granules, mistaking them for grains of food.[9] A few granules of a pesticide is enough to kill a small bird.[9] The herbicide paraquat, when sprayed onto bird eggs, causes growth abnormalities in embryos and reduces the number of chicks that hatch successfully, but most herbicides do not directly cause much harm to birds.[9] Herbicides may endanger bird populations by reducing their habitat.[9] [edit] Aquatic life Fish and other aquatic biota may be harmed by pesticide-contaminated water.[30] Pesticide surface runoff into rivers and streams can be highly lethal to aquatic life, sometimes killing all the fish in a particular stream.[31] Application of herbicides to bodies of water can cause fish kills when the dead plants rot and use up the water’s oxygen, suffocating the fish.[30] Some herbicides, such as copper sulfite, that are applied to water to kill plants are toxic to fish and other water animals at concentrations similar to those used to kill the plants.[30] Repeated exposure to sublethal doses of some pesticides can cause physiological and behavioral changes in fish that reduce populations, such as abandonment of nests and broods, decreased immunity to disease, and increased failure to avoid predators.[30] Application of herbicides to bodies of water can kill off plants on which fish depend for their habitat.[30] Pesticides can accumulate in bodies of water to levels that kill off zooplankton, the main source of food for young fish.[32] Pesticides can kill off the insects on which some fish feed, causing the fish to travel farther in search of food and exposing them to greater risk from predators.[30] The faster a given pesticide breaks down in the environment, the less threat it poses to aquatic life.[30] Insecticides are more toxic to aquatic life than herbicides and fungicides.[30] [edit] Amphibians See also: Decline in amphibian population In the past several decades, decline in amphibian populations has been occurring all over the world, for unexplained reasons which are thought to be varied but of which pesticides may be a part.[33] Mixtures of multiple pesticides appear to have a cumulative toxic effect on frogs.[34] Tadpoles from ponds with multiple pesticides present in the water take longer to metamorphose into frogs and are smaller when they do, decreasing their ability to catch prey and avoid predators.[34] A Canadian study showed that exposing tadpoles to endosulfan, an organochloride pesticide at levels that are likely to be found in habitats near fields sprayed with the chemical kills the tadpoles and causes behavioral and growth abnormalities.[35] The herbicide atrazine has been shown to turn male frogs into hermaphrodites, decreasing their ability to reproduce.[34] [edit] Humans See also: Pesticide residue Pesticides can enter the human body through inhalation of aerosols, dust and vapor that contain pesticides; through oral exposure by consuming food and water; and through dermal exposure by direct contact of pesticides with skin.[36] Pesticides are sprayed onto food, especially fruits and vegetables, they secrete into soils and groundwater which can end up in drinking water, and pesticide spray can drift and pollute the air. The effects of pesticides on human health are more harmful based on the toxicity of the chemical and the length and magnitude of exposure.[37] Farm workers and their families experience the greatest exposure to agricultural pesticides through direct contact with the chemicals. But every human contains a percentage of pesticides found in fat samples in their body. Children are most susceptible and sensitive to pesticides due to their small size and underdevelopment.[36] The chemicals can bioaccumulate in the body over time. Exposure to pesticides can range from mild skin irritation to birth defects, tumors, genetic changes, blood and nerve disorders, endocrine disruption, and even coma or death.[38] Some pesticides, including aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphene, are considered POPs.[39] POPs have the ability to volatilize and travel great distances through the atmosphere to become deposited in remote regions.[39] The chemicals also have the ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify, and can bioconcentrate (i.e. become more concentrated) up to 70,000 times their original concentrations.[39] POPs may continue to poison non-target organisms in the environment and increase risk to humans[40] by disruption in the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems; cancer; neurobehavioral disorders,[39] infertility and mutagenic effects, although very little is currently known about these chronic effects. Some POPs have been banned, while others continue to be used. [edit] Pest resistance

A favorite item of clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A favorite item of clothing - Essay Example The large interior feels roomy and comfortable. The heaviness of the jacket on my shoulders reminds me I am wearing leather. Coolness meets my hands as I deposit treasures in my inner pockets. My outer pockets can feel light or heavy, depending on the items placed there. The whole jacket feels familiar, comfortable, and unique to me. As black as night without a moon, the leather is so dark it seems to reflect the light. The darkness is so black. The ebony color of my jacket reflects light, showing a white light bouncing off my jacket under direct artificial light. The only true way to appreciate the jacket’s true color is in natural light. Raven black covers the whole jacket, except for the zippers, buttons, and other sliver accessories. The silver twinkles in the sunlight. However, in artificial light the metallic twinkle is muted, depending on how close to the light I get. My leather jacket might look like any other leather jacket to the casual observer, but I would be able to pick my jacket out of a multitude of jackets. The arms are symmetrical like every other jacket, but the body is slightly longer than your average coat. Deep creases form in the arms of the jacket that match my arm bends and shape. The round buttons look like they came from button fly jeans. The round silver hoops hang off my jacket like earrings on a pretty girl. The pockets are creased from my cell phone, keys, and money placed there daily. My jacket is unique to myself, if not to others. The smell of my jacket is faintly leathery. Since it is an old jacket, the leather smell has faded over the years. If I use oil on the ancient leather, the smell becomes stronger. The strong leather smell is heady, but I prefer the faint leather smell. The faint leather smell reminds me of the warmth, security, and familiarity my jacket has provided me with over the years. Even after put up for the winter, the familiar smell beckons me

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing - Case Study Example Being the member of G8 and OECD, Canadian economy is mostly a service based economy however, due to large natural resources; Canada is also an economy with established manufacturing base. Canadian firms working in electricity manufacturing have been slow in responding to the global changes and as a result of this also lost their share in global market. Such lack of quick responsiveness to the changing customer needs therefore have been taking its toll on firms as despite having enormous natural resources this sector is still lacking behind in terms of productivity and efficient production. (Negru 1990) Traditionally, Canada’s electronics manufacturing sector has relied heavily on exports from US however; it has now shifted to the developing countries.1 Firms like Nortel, RIM and other manufacturers have been successfully operating in the electronics manufacturing sector. However, due to global shifts in the overall dynamics of the sector, this industry in Canada is losing its ground despite the fact that it is 6% of the manufacturing GDP of Canada. Consumers are becoming aware of the overall impact of traditional sources of energy have on the environment and there is now growing concern for producing and procuring green electricity resources. Such awareness of consumers therefore forces many Electronics manufacturing firms to look for ways which can actually reduce the damage to the environment. Since supply chain management forms one of the essential strategic operations for manufacturing and even service oriented firms, its greener management is one of the key industrial market issues for the firms. (Kim and Min 2011) One of the key concerns for the Canadian electronics manufactures is the high cost of energy and the need to become competitive are the key drivers which are actually causing Canadian manufacturers to go for greener supply chain management practices. What is critical to understand however, is the fact that the same may not be feasible for the suppliers to such manufacturing firms as compliance with greener supply chain practices can increase the cost for the suppliers.2 Large firms in industry however, are also focusing on rewarding their suppliers if they adapt to the green supply chain management practices. By rewarding the suppliers, Canadian manufactures are actually providing a pricing advantage to their suppliers so that the overall marketing relationships remain competitive. There is also a greater marketing challenge for firms in Canada because green supply chain management requires firm to make a transition towards greener marketing and hence towards green organization. More industrial buyers are now actually demanding to purchase green electricity as most buyers are now focusing on reducing their carbon footprint. Such emphasis towards green electricity usage therefore may further create challenges for firms. Such inter-linkages therefore suggest that the firms must strategically take all the steps require d to achieve strategic objectives of the firm. The difficulty to integrate all the aspects of industrial marketing therefore forces firms to not to go for green supply chain management practices. Since green energy sector is also heavily regulated therefore suppliers as well as buyers will have to comply with different regulatory requirements. Compliance with

Benefits and technical challenges for using self compacting concrete Essay

Benefits and technical challenges for using self compacting concrete - Essay Example By regulating the mix proportioning, the concrete is so formed such that it doesn’t require compaction. There is no particular code available for SCC so far even though it has started to catch wide application in modern days and again there is no definite mix proportioning procedure established (Zhu et al., 2001). In order to learn comprehensively about the feasibility of using the concepts of SCC with the available materials around, this research essay is basically grounded on the factual findings on the benefits and the critical challenges cropping up as a result of using the modern developed self-compacting concrete. According to Loughran (2007) the basis at which SCC is highly gaining recognition, wide acceptability and increased adoption in terms of usage in modern constructions are inevitable and are essential as further illustrated in this essay. On highlights, it is of note that when large quantity of substantial reinforcement is to be positioned on a reinforced concrete (RC) member, it is never easy to certify that the formwork gets wholly filled with concrete; that is, fully compacted without honeycombs or voids. Compaction by mechanical vibrators or by manual is very difficult in this situation. The method used of compaction, vibration, causes additional cost and delays in the projects. For underwater concreting it is always required that you use fresh concrete, which could be placed without the necessity of compaction; in such conditions vibration had been merely impossible. This challenge can now be resolved with self-compacting concrete (Persson, 2003: 374-379). The SCC flows easily a round the reinforcement and into every corner of the formwork. The SCC is very fluid and passes around obstructions to fill all the corners and nooks without the risk of either mortar or any other ingredients of concrete detaching out, and simultaneously ensuring that there are no

What is Sodium Potassium Pump Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Sodium Potassium Pump - Coursework Example In doing this, the enzyme performs fundamental functions that help maintain the life of the cell. The functions include regulating cellular volume by permitting the flow of both potassium and sodium in and out of the cell. The enzyme also maintains the resting potential of the cell and the transportation within the cells. Sodium-potassium pump regulates the cell volume through by pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. The failure of such a vital function would cause swellings of the cells. By enhancing the flow of the two minerals in an out of the cell, the enzyme helps maintain the cells osmolarity, which is the totality of the concentration of organic compounds, proteins and ion species in the cell (Mary 33). Additionally, by pumping sodium out of the cells, the enzymes provide adequate force for other membrane transport proteins. This helps in the transportation of amino acids, glucose and other nutrients into the cells. In doing this, the transport proteins exploit the sodium gradient created by the sodium-potassium

Computer Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Literacy - Essay Example These audiences are identified and the reasons as to why a certain search engine is suitable for them. The effectiveness of all the search engines for their different purposes is also discussed. Finally, each of the search engines has some advantages and disadvantages over the others due to their different aesthetic, technical and privacy features. These advantages and disadvantages are discussed for each of the search engines. Search engines can be classified into several types. General search engines are portals which allow for searching of content using an algorithm specifically designed for this task. Google is a general search engine, alongside Yahoo! and Bing among others. Metasearch engines work by submitting query keywords to other search engines, which in turn perform a search using the provided keywords. The results are then aggregated and returned to the user. A point to note is that metasearch engines do not have a database of webpage contents, they only sort the search results from other search engines in a desirable manner (Lib.berkeley.edu, 2015). Examples of metasearch engines includes Dogpile, Excite, DeeperWeb, Kayak, Answers.com, Clusty and LeapFish. DuckDuckGo takes a hybrid approach, being both a general search engine that uses its own crawler while still utilizing a metasearch functionality. Multimedia search engines are used to search the web for videos, images, music, movies and ima ges and multimedia-related services. Search engines can also be classified as crawler-based and human-powered. Crawler-based search engines use software bots to search through websites and create an index by analyzing and categorizing them based on their content, the websites that link to them, the websites they link to and the level of traffic that they experience. Human-powered search engines employ human editors to create and edit their indexes (Yuanlei.com, 2015). DuckDuckGo and Dogpile search engines fall in the crawler-powered category.

Response and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Response and Analysis - Essay Example As a result, of intimidation, women suffer in silences. Therefore, it is prudent for Jane to roll up an activism campaign against gender discrimination. Consequently, she will free suffering women from the hand of discriminative husbands. If she pursues the course of activism, men will not impose laws that make it mandatory for women to put on veils. Mary Jane’s father is a significant character in the novel. As witnessed from the story, the father played an important role in informing her about Iranian history. From the father’s narration, Mary Jane understands the extent to which the Muslim laws are misused. On the other hand, the role played by her mother is equally significant. The fathers’ information highlights that not all men support unfair laws. Equally important to mention, the farther inspires Mary Jane to strive for an equitable society. This courage is evident in Mary Jane’s habit of slapping disrespect men. The father’s refusal to leave Iran confirms his desire to ensure that all individuals enjoy equal treatment. This brave act is a show of patriotism and his commitment towards accomplishing change in a fundamentalist religious

Risk management Consultant Proposal and Presentation Assignment

Risk management Consultant Proposal and Presentation - Assignment Example Rowing Diversity International Event for 2011, to be held soon. We are a team of consultants bidding for controlling the risk management factors related to this event and in this context are required to make a presentation to the organizing committee. Discussion Risk management can be defined as the process of determining the probability of an undesirable consequence connected with an action or event and then finding out the best ways to mitigate the undesirable consequences through preparation and counter measures (www.investopedia.com). Risk and its management is a very important part of any public event and one such as rowing is fraught with its own particular risks. Among these are the risks of injury or even death that can be caused by sinking and drowning. Not only are the race participants to be taken care of, but also the onlookers and rowing enthusiasts who have come to watch the competition. The US Rowing Association conducts around 150 or more rowing events of various kind s all across the USA every year and also trains the national team. It holds local, regional and national championships and also selects the US National Rowing Team to represent the country in various international rowing events. At a news conference held recently, Mayor Tom Richards announced that the City of Rochester, New York will host the Cross-Country Minority rowing races under the auspices of the US Rowing Association that that will be held in the Genesee River this year (www.whec.com). This was by no means a surprise, for the sport and the number of local enthusiasts has been growing in recent years. New York is a cosmopolitan city with people of different ethnic backgrounds, some of who are keenly interested in rowing and other water sports. Goals in the Risk Management of this Event The main objective here is to conduct the event in a safe and secure manner, protecting the lives and property of all participants and onlookers, as well as controlling risks of hazard to the n atural environment. As an event management and organizing company, we are well aware of the activities that are connected with the event and the risks posed by them. An unfortunate mishap can result in loss of life and property and overshadow the entire event. We have to plan to control every eventuality and limit or mitigate possible losses and damages. It all boils down to good thinking, organizing and implementation of an action plan, should any risks arise (Crouhy et al, 2005). Our first priority is always to look at the venue for the event and anticipate the possible risks that the holding of the event at that venue will present. Distance to the nearest hospital and fire station, as well as police precinct is taken into account. In fact we make sure that a representative of each unit is present at the venue, complete with fire brigade, police vehicle and ambulance to take care of any eventuality. In all cases, there is a fully functioning system for backup if needed. You will b e amazed to know that we even have our own bomb disposal expert on hand in case of any such device being found on ground or in the river where the event will take place. As one of the first steps, our local lab expert even checks a sample of the water in the river to ensure that it does not contain a high degree of contamination that would pose danger to onlookers or race participants. We also plan to have three fully trained lifeguards on

History of Atlanta Essay Example for Free

History of Atlanta Essay Even by the standard of America, Atlanta is a young city. Even before it became a settlement, such cities like Cincinnati, Charleston, Chattanooga and New Orleans were already thriving cities. Atlanta can be said to be a bright, aggressive and brash town with the rough ages smoothed by time. The city dashes with the charm of the south. Atlanta has a unique and proud heritage despite its relatively young age and has a past that is worth being preserved. Even though Atlanta was in the South, it was not however of the south from the beginning. It begun as a small railway crossing. As such, it was established as a railway terminus. The culture, values and mores of the town resembled those of the frontier towns of the Old West than of the cities of the Old South. The catalyst for its growth and economy still remains transportation. The city always attracted men and women who possessed vision from the beginning, the opportunists who possessed the foresight to offer the facilities that would make Atlanta become one of the most important cities in the Southeast. The Creek and Cherokee Indians owned the land that is now Atlanta some one hundred and fifty years ago (Robert, 1981). When the first white settlement was founded on the banks of the Chattahoochee River near the Indian village of Standing Peachtree, the United States was well into war. This was in the year eighteen twelve. The white people and the Indians lived together until the year eighteen thirty five when the leaders of Cherokee nation consented under the Treaty of New Echota to leave their lands and move west. During this period, the Cherokee lands were officially under the possession of Georgia, an act that resulted into the infamous Trail of Tears. Farmers and craftsmen from the mountains of North Georgia, Carolinas and Virginia were the early settlers in the area of Atlanta. These early settlers were in most part hardworking and deeply religious. Through lottery disbursements, they came to possess their lands. They lived in harmony and peace with their Indian neighbors. They also owned a few slaves. They built schools and churches. They often traveled to Decatur to trade besides marketing their cotton in Macon which was a hundred miles to the south. In the antebellum south, this society was as close to being termed yeoman as possible. In the metropolitan Atlanta area, some of their pre-Civil War churches, homes, mills and cemeteries are still in existence. The inception of Atlanta was the integration of necessity and geography made possible by the steam engine. The construction of a trade route from the coast of Georgia to the Midwest was voted by the Georgia General Assembly in the year eighteen-thirty six. It was meant to be a state railroad which was to facilitate trade between the state and other regions. The terminal for the railroad was to be at the sparsely populated Georgia Piedmont. It was to run from a particular point on the Tennessee line close to the Tennessee River, starting near Rossville to a point on the Southeastern bank of the Chattahoochee River that could be easily accessed by the branch railroads (Reed, 2006). The name of the railroad was to be the Western and Atlantic Railroad of the State of Georgia. Stephen Harriman Long, an army engineer with a wealth of experience, was offered the task of finding the most practical route foe the new rail line. He chose a site that was eight miles south of the river. The Indian trails and connecting ridges converged at this point. This point that he chose proved to be just the right site with an ideal climate. The stake was driven near the present Five Points in Downtown Atlanta. Atlanta is positioned in the Piedmont Plateau with an elevation of one thousand ands fifty feet yet no natural barriers can impede on the growth of the city. Atlanta grew developed like the towns in the West between the periods that long drove his stake on the ground and the beginning of the civil war. Gold was stroke in the rail lines instead of mining. Opportunists, salesmen, merchants, craftsmen and land speculators were soon attracted by the railroad workers little settlement which was aptly named Terminus. What followed were the warehouses, ironworks, textile industry, sawmills and banks. The city later came to be called Marthasville in honor of the Governors daughter. However, prominent citizens considered this mane to be too long and bucolic for the progressive city and hence were changed to Atlanta. The patterns of settlement were slowly being formed. A substantial merchant residential community known as Mechanicsville thrived around the rail yards. Near the White Hall Tavern grew the West End. Luxurious home begun to be built on Marietta, Whitehall, Broad, lower Peachtree and Washington Street as residential avenues of important citizens begun to be established. However, pre-War Atlanta was not a quiet business community. According to Franklin Garrett, the town was classified as tough even as the number of good, moral citizens increased. The city distinctively developed as a railroad center with vices that were characteristic to rough frontier settlements. Gambling dives, brothels, resorts and drinking were normal in the city and the sporting elements were insulting on their defiance of the public order (Robert, 1981). When the Civil War erupted, Atlanta was already an important city. It had a population of more than ten thousand individuals, banks, manufacturing and retail shops, four rail lines, banks, carriage and wheelwright shops, three thousand eight-hundred homes, tanneries, warehouses, mills and iron foundries. It became an important shipping and supply center for the Confederacy. It also possessed the facilities which made it necessary for the Union forces, led by Sherman, to seize and destroy it. In July 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman began his campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta. The city surrendered to his forces on September 2 after a series of battles and a siege of the city lasting for a month. The city was on fire not because of Union shells but mainly due to the box of explosives that the retreating Confederates blew up. Evacuation of the city and the destruction of buildings that could be used by the confederates were ordered by Sherman. By the time Sherman started his march to the sea, the only structures left standing in Atlanta were about four hundred buildings. The city became a ghost town of ashes and rubble. When the residents came back and begun rebuilding the town, the city was still smoldering. The residents came back with a new and stronger spirit than before. Their confidence in the future of Atlanta grew and within five years after the holocaust, the city was rebuilt and its prewar population redoubled. The city adopted a new form of architecture which waxes popular during that era since the original antebellum architecture was almost entirely destroyed during the period of the war. However, some of the few fine whitewashed columned mansions that were in downtown Atlanta survived even though others were later destroyed to provide room for state and city buildings. The limits of the city were originally circular and extended one mile from the zero milepost. Its initial expansions were circular too. The demographic patterns of the city were reestablished as before the war. West End continued to thrive as a residential business community of the upper class. Along the Peachtree and Washington Streets, wealthy white citizens established and built Victorian mansions. Prosperous black enclaves also developed despite the fact that segregation existed in the city. These enclaves were concentrated along Auburn Avenue after 1906. Summerhill, Vine City and many other residential pockets around the central city emerged as black neighborhoods. The city experienced rapid growth from the time that the Civil War ended through the last decade of the nineteenth century. The central business district expanded from Union Depot toward the it’s limits by the end of eighteen seventy (Best of Images of America, 2000). The city was dissected by a path of railroad tracks which converged in the lower downtown gulch. The flow of traffic over the tracks was facilitated by the construction of a network of viaducts that were planned in the turn of the twentieth century and completed twenty five years later. The business district was moved to another level by the viaducts which led to the establishment of another area that is presently known as Underground Atlanta. For the railroad depots, a simple utilitarian Italianate architecture was encouraged and this influenced so much the design of the design of the commercial buildings that were constructed before the turn of the century. The foundation of Atlantas economy within this period still became the railroads. This continued through to the Second World War when emphasis shifted to truck and air transport. The citys growth was spurred by transportation and private enterprise. In the final decade of nineteenth century, new rail lines were added to the citys network. Its dominance as southeasts railroad center became established with the consolidation of ten radiating lines within that decade which included divisions of Southern Railway totaling five. With the recession and depression of the economy of the nation in the nineteen eighties, a series of fairs and expositions were staged by an Atlanta promoter to attract business in this area. In an attempt to establish a new economic base in the postwar south, the International Cotton Exposition was staged in 1881. Atlanta was advertised as a commercial and transportation center by the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 which made Atlanta to emerge as one of the major cities of the Southeast. The Exposition became recognized worldwide and by 1903, many regional and national companies had their headquarters in Atlanta. The growth of Atlanta as an industrial base, contrasting it with the rest of the south which was inclined toward agriculture, came as a result of the fair and exposition. Industrial complexes were established along the rail lines, textile mills also came south and mill villages were also constructed to house the workers. The residential perimeters also expanded with the introduction of horse drawn street car in the 1871. There was also the emergence of several private developers. Among the notable private developers was Joel Hurt who built the fast skyscraper in Atlanta. He also established the first planned residential suburb in Atlanta. Atlanta adopted the Chicago school of architecture in the establishment of skyscrapers of elevator buildings. The citys skyline was transformed from the picturesque High Victorian to a collection of multipurpose skyscraper office buildings and hotels. These new buildings attracted a large railroad and insurance. Atlantas distinctive personality is offered by the early commercial buildings and the Victorian and post-Victorian settlements that were build between 1890 and 1930. Atlanta in the southeasts capital city, a future city with strong ties to the past, its soul being the old in the new, a heritage that enhances the quality of life in a modern city.

Making Dreams Come True Essay Example for Free

Making Dreams Come True Essay As a child, did you ever wish upon a star? Did you ever dream of being a prince or princess in a magnificent castle? Or dream of being able to fly high above the tallest buildings? I know I did, I had many dreams. Many children dream of magical places they want to go, people they want to be, and things they want to feel. The Walt Disney Company has strived to make these dreams of children a reality. Whether it is getting to meet a princess, or getting a new pair of shoes, The Walt Disney Company wants to make every child feel special. The founders, Walt and Roy Disney, originally strived to create animations of fantasy worlds filled with scenes that would make anyone feel warmth. They continued their works by creating physical worlds of excitement; ones that children and their parents could enjoy together. Past and present, Disney also has helped out the community in numerous ways. Today The Walt Disney Company is still making dreams come true. On December 5, 1901, the creator and backbone of Disney, for many years, was born. Walter Elias Disney was most famous for his contribution to the entertainment world in the twentieth century. He went on to become very well known for his motion pictures. Walt Disney created many short films and full length animations; he also was the mind behind the world famous Disney theme parks. Throughout his career, he won 26 Oscars, 37 other awards, and 41 nominations. Walt still holds the record for the most awards ever (Walt). Although Walt Disney is most famously associated with Disney, he was not the only one in on the business. Roy Oliver Disney was Walter Disney’s older brother. Roy was born on June 24, 1893 in Chicago, Illinois. He co-founded Disney along with his brother and served as the chief executive officer of Disney for most of his life. He contributed to all the work that was done with Disney up until his death in 1971. Unlike Walt, Roy was alive to see the opening of Walt Disney World three months before he passed away (Roy). The Walt Disney Company started in a small Los Angeles office in 1923 by the Disney brothers. Their first real production was The Alice Comedies. The Alice Comedies grew popularity quick, and The Disney Company began to flourish. Five years later, the most famous Mickey Mouse was born; Goofy, Pluto, Donald Duck and other Disney characters soon followed. Then in 1937 Disney’s first animated movie was produced; Snow White and the Seven Dwarves was pure success worldwide. Over the next few years, Disney decided to expand his ever-growing company, so he moved to Burbank to build a new studio. There, during the 1940s and 1950s, he along with his team created some of the classic Disney animations including Bambi, Fantasia, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan (History). Mickey Mouse has a long history; he celebrated his 80th birthday in 2008. Oswald the lucky rabbit was the original character. He starred in a black and white short film cartoon, where he had long black ears, a round pudgy belly, big goofy feet, and a huge but thin smile. He wore high white shorts, with white shoes and white gloves. Walters’s idea of Oswald came after The Alice Comedies series, but was influenced by them. The design came from Alice’s husband Charles Mintz. Walt later decided he wanted to give Oswald a makeover, so he decided to turn him into a mouse. At first he named this mouse Mortimer, but the name did not last. To this day, no one really knows the reason the mouse’s name was changed, but the most popular story is that Walter’s wife did not really care for the name. I am sure Disney was happy that he changed the name, seeing what success would come from the new revised character. After much debate, the character was created and named Mickey Mouse (Suddath). Mickey’s first couple appearances were not a success. All doubts were put to rest when Steamboat Willie hit the big screen, starring Mickey Mouse. The film was the first animation with synchronized sound effects and music. Mickey Mouse’s career had begun, and it was just the beginning. A little over ten years later, animator Fred Moore had an idea to make over Mickey once again; this was another brilliant idea in my eyes. Mickey was originally designed out of circles, therefore limiting his movements. The new Mickey was hoped to move more freely across the screen. Moore also proposed the idea of making a cuter Mickey. As a result, he gave him a pear-shaped body, eyes with pupils and a cute shortened noise. The new Mickey first appeared in one of the earliest and well-known classics, Fantasia; and for the first time, he appeared in color. Mickey continued to appear in short films throughout the years (Suddath). Today Mickey is not as popular in animated films, but I would not hesitate to say he is still alive in the Disney atmosphere. Mickey and Minnie are still recognized worldwide today. After the initial years of getting the Disney Company started, a lot of progress happened very quickly. In 1937 Disney made history by making the first full length animated motion picture; it was titled Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. The famous film was written based on the tale Snow White by Brothers Grimm (Snow). To follow were many Disney classics that children still enjoy watching today. Some of my favorites include Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Peter Pan, The Lion King, The Little Mermaid and The Beauty and the Beast. Disney has created 96 animations and is still created them today. Of those 96 movies, 45 of them are considered classics (The Walt Disney Company). Many of these Disney characters are the focus of two main theme parks that Disney created for everyone to enjoy first hand. To many children and even adults, the Disney parks are magical places. Nothing says it better than their slogan, â€Å"Where all dreams come true. † This is exactly what Walt Disney wanted; he wanted to create a place of magic for both children and their parents. Disneyland is located in Anaheim, California and Disneyworld is located in Orlando, Florida; they are the two amusement parks in the United States. There are also four other parks around the world, along with a Disney cruise line (Walt Disney). Disneyland was the first of the two to be created; it was the only park that Walt Disney himself actually got to witness being built and finished. Construction of the park was started on July 17, 1954, and was opened exactly one year later. Disneyland was a hit from the beginning, opening day was said to be a disaster because it was so overcrowded. The original park cost a massive 17 million dollars to complete. In the 1990s The Disney Company decided to expand the park. It was transformed into a park along with a resort. Along with the Disney Resort, Disneys California Adventure Park, Downtown Disney, and Disney’s Paradise Pier Hotel were created. Inside of Disneyland, there are a handful of mini lands, or at least this is how I see them. I would describe these as brief, but nonetheless powerful and exciting places that are seen around the world or in Disney productions, all composed inside one theme park. One that I particularly remember is the Haunted Mansion which is found in the New Orleans section of the park. The Haunted Mansion was constructed to look like an old southern plantation; inside it, it was created into a haunted adventure. These marvelous attractions draw many guests from around the world every year. As of 2007, Disneyland had been visited by over 14,800,000 people (Disneyland). In 1959 Walt Disney thought about creating another theme park. His main concern was the location because most of the people who came to Disneyland were from the west; which was a downfall because at the time most people lived in the east. Therefore, he wanted to open the Disney experience up to the whole nation by creating a new park closer to those on the east coast. The process of just getting approved for a large piece of land took many years. He had been denied numerous times. Finally, Orlando, Florida was chosen as a site for the new park. Sadly, Walt died in 1966, five years before the park was ever opened. Along with Walt Disney World, Epcot was created in 1982. Epcot is known today as the community of tomorrow. Like Disneyland, Walt Disney World also contains a resort and other parks within. Walt Disney World has not only become the most popular Disney Park, but the most popular entertainment attraction in the United States. On average, 40 million people visit each year. (Walt Disney World). Disney does not only vision to give children an experience of a lifetime through movies and theme parks, but through more heartfelt ways such as giving to charities. In 2008, Disney donated 209 million dollars to charities around the world, hoping to make wishes come true among families. They also have a program for volunteers called VoluntEARS. The company has been serving the community for over 26 years. In those years, the members have helped in 42 countries and contributed 5,000,000 hours of volunteer work. Most recently, in honor of Disney’s 55th anniversary, they are running a deal to promote community service. Disney is offering a free ticket to their park if anyone donates a day to a participating Disney organization (The Walt Disney Company – Corporate). Disney has a long history and it is still striving to create magic every day. Children still enjoy watching the same Disney classics that children watched over 50 years ago. Although Disney’s first few movies are still popular today, new animations are still being made, and are still becoming great hits. Disneyland and Walt Disney World are still magical places that will surely bring a smile to a child’s face. But most importantly, Disney is continuing to fulfill dreams through their community service; these dream come trues are truly magical.

Collaboration Between Architects And Artists Cultural Studies Essay

Collaboration Between Architects And Artists Cultural Studies Essay Architects and artists speak two different languages and think in different ways so what happens when they work together? Can an architect create a space that enhances and reveals the artwork designed within it? Can architects and artists collaborate together in one mission and produce an-art-piece-building? Can a building be artistically designed and at the same time able to function? The answer to the previous questions will definitely be yes. And numerous numbers of buildings and architectural projects prove that to be right. Art has become an approach that changed the practice of architecture forever. It has widened its possibilities and made it more open and able to communicate with humanity and the environment. This collaboration of the two different minds; architects mind and artists mind, can result with a product neither one could have achieved alone. Its a very common and big mistake to separate architecture from art, especially since that the history of architecture itself actually relates back to art school. Many people have forgotten that Michael Angelo, the Italian renaissance painter and sculptor, was the one who designed the Campidoglio in Rome back in the 16th century. Raphael Sanzio designed the Chigi Chapel of Villa Farnesina in the 16th century as well. And Villa Farnesina itself was designed by the Italian painter Baldassare Peruzzi. The history of architecture makes it clear to us that artists have long worked with architects to produce art for their buildings. It is like what once Dan Rice said There are three forms of visual art: Painting is art to look at, Sculpture is art you can walk around, and architecture is art you can walk through. Ever since the 19th century, during the Arts and Crafts movement when the modern age of architecture began, works of architecture started to possess some values of art in them. Architecture became institutionalized in the same schools that taught painting, sculpture and music. And in the early 20th century when the Bauhaus and De Stijl were the dominant styles of architecture the dialogue between architecture and art highly increased and it shifted towards a truly collaborative and integrated process. It is also important to mention that the Bauhaus movement was the beginning and the first start of the new modern approach we are living now. Therefore art carries a lot of influence in our architecture today whether you are aware of it or not. Some people find the matter puzzling. They start asking why we need this collaboration between architects and artists if architecture itself is a form of art. As a matter of fact architecture today is less of a form of art and more of a form of engineering. The past does categorize architecture under art but the present sadly does not. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It was not until the radically atomized academics of the late twentieth century that the confounding notion that art and architecture are categorically different professions was established. explained Kent Bloomer in his book The Nature of Ornament. Architecture and art share a lot of similarities. Architects create something out of nothing and so do artists. They both share the ability of transferring whats on their minds into existence. They both deal with the same lines, shapes and forms. And also they both deal with the same elements of nature; color, light, space and time. Besides that architecture and art have a very associated history. During baroque, rococo and renaissance works of art were highly influenced in architecture. Its almost impossible to find one church in those ages where its ceiling wasnt extravagantly painted or its windows very exceedingly sculptured. Works by Gerrit Reitvelds in the 20th century can be a very good example to show the similarities between architecture and art. His Schroder House is highly influenced by the artist Piet Mondrian from the same era. The composition of lines, the arrangement of forms and the abstraction in colors make the Schroder house look more like a huge sculpture rather t han a house or a building. All these similarities that architecture and art both share work as a strong communication system between them both and they strengthen their relationship. This collaboration is nothing but a relationship between these two disciplines. And by knowing all the similarities they have it is very likely for this relationship to be a successful one. Recently the collaborative work between architects and artist has grown successfully. This growth is very significant and it shows that architecture is developing itself. Today, architects are more able to accept the idea of integrating art with architecture than seventy years ago during the post modernism era. Respectable number of organizations has been established in the aim of having a truly integrated relation between architecture and art. In 1991 an organization called Art for Architecture was established and it was the first attempt to dismantle the wall that divides architects and artists. Art for Architecture became very successful and a lot of their projects became award-winners. In 2003, the Laban dance centre in Deptford, London, designed by architects Herzog de Meuron and artist Michael Craig Martin, won the Stirling Prize. Former artist Edi Rama was voted World Mayor in 2004 for transforming Tiranas buildings into art pieces that decorate the entire streets of the city. After all the trouble the Albanian capital was having, Rama decided to re-paint the citys buildings in a riotous array of pattern and color. That act did not only change the entire architecture of the city, but it also brought social transformation. The architecture of Tirana now has become public art that attracts a lot of artists and inspires them such as Olafur Eliasson, Liam Gillick and Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster whose work has become integrated in residential blocks and buildings and turned them into unique works of art. Working with artists acts as an eye-opener to the architects. It helps them to sharpen their thoughts and make them consider their position. Artists do not collaborate with architecture by simply designing a sculpture that can be placed at the entrance of a building or by a painting for the living room. Their involvement can be too fundamental and essential and be a part of the design of the building itself. Bruce McLean, the forerunner of a new generation of artists, with architect John Lyall designed the concourse and underground station at Tottenham Hale, London. McLean was so deeply involved in the project that he helped to come up with the concept. I want to be involved at the outset and not just as an add-on. explained McLean. At Tottenham Hale concourse, McLean and Lyall designed three separate pieces: a 16m-high lit beacon (the Tower of Time), a fountain (the Bridge of Signs) and paving (the Path of People). The idea was to give the people something fun to look at while waiti ng for buses or trains. Lyall saw this project to be a very successful collaboration between art and architecture. The way I feel about the best collaborations is that we start with a bank sheet of paper and work together in free form and what results is something which neither would have thought of separately. I like artists because they have a different eye and way of thinking he explained. McLean is now designing a new foreshore in Bridlington with architect Rayner Banham. The Collaboration between architects and artist does not have to be only for the purpose of making nice looking buildings. Architects Faulks Perry Culley and Rech and artist Martin Richman came up with a great environmental idea to produce electricity! They designed the new incinerator at Tyseley, Birmingham, which burns the waste of households and use the heat produced to generate electricity. Richmans involvement in the project caused a lot of fundamental changes in the architectural side of the project. He replaced the yellow cladding with red ones and he also used the light as an essential factor in the building. Martin introduced the idea of red to highlight the function of the building and its heat so we changed the yellow cladding to red. He also introduced areas of translucent and transparent cladding to show the internal lighting. Says Perry. After his success of collaborating with architects Pelly and Rech, Richman is now working on two other architectural projects. All the previous projects along with many other ones are living proofs that the collaboration and interrogation between architecture and art not only can actually happen, but when it does it results with a huge satisfaction to the architects, artist and also the public. Architect Perry confirmed that the people of Birmingham were very pleased with the outcome of his design with Richman. I havent heard anything from anywhere which is negative. Its all been favorable. And thats something of a first because we architects are used to getting kicked. Explains Perry. Therefore this collaboration promises us with more modern, developed architecture that can communicate with public and be understandable in a better way. It is often argued that art and architecture are totally incapable of meeting each other, especially since architecture deals with numbers, function and mathematics whereas art deals with imaginations, feelings, inspirations and it does not have any function. Nevertheless, this very dissimilarity between architecture and art is actually the reason behind this collaboration, since collaboration is all about differences. If architecture was able to meet art by itself without any interrogations then there would have been no need for this collaboration. But the recent past of architecture taught us that architecture becomes very dull and lifeless without art. Once, Frank Lloyd Wright said Art is the mother of architecture. Even if artists and architects see architecture in different eyes their compromise can be the result of something astonishing and new that no architect or artist alone could have come up with. Architects like to build a building that is slick, fixed and suitable. Artis ts are searching for more brute, independent and confronting approach, as art should be. Towards the end of the project Antoni and I had developed a level of telepathy Explained architect Steve Tompkins about his experience with artist Antoni Malinowski after designing London Community Centre. As a result of combining art with architecture, the latter becomes more human and alive. Art gives architecture the ability to combine beauty and logic in one thing at the same time. Without it architecture will be as boring as accounting. The future of architecture today dose not only lay on the hands of architects alone anymore. It now relies on architects and artists. It is their tasks both to promote architecture to a new level where architecture becomes more meaningful. The future of architecture relies on combining the conceptual approach of artists and the contextual approach of architects. With these two approaches architecture in the next few decades will be starting a new phase where function and art will finally come back together again after more than 70 years of separation.

History And Development Of The Internet Essay -- essays research paper

History and Development of the Internet The internet is a global computer network connecting millions and millions of users throughout the world. (Leiner, 2). It has become one of the fastest growing forms of communication today. (Marshall, 1). The Internet started as a Defense Department Cold War experiment in the 1950’s. (Academic American, 225). The government needed a way to relay information between tanks and headquarters so the APRA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) sought a way to let signals from the battlefield reach a headquarters computer using satellites and radio signals. At the same time the command posts of the nation were located deep underground in mountains in fear of nuclear war. (Diamond, 3). Paul Baran, working for the U.S. Air Force, developed a network that could reroute itself around damage caused by the impact of an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile by using "redundancy of connectivity". This meant that in the event of a break in the network the server would re-route the information in an alternate path through a new technique called "packet switching". Packet Switching is a means of breaking up the message being sent into small packets which carry enough inform ation to seek out its destination and sending them out separately towards the destination server. The message after being broken up would take separate routes to the destination and then be re-assembled by the computer at the server where the message was being sent. This was good because with more than one route for information to travel on, the enemy did not have one central point to target their attack to break the lines of communication and in the event of some break in the line information could still travel through. (Diamond, 4). This all interested the APRA enough to fund the research and development of an experimental computer network with hopes of demonstrating the feasibility of remote computer operation from the battlefield. Vinton Cerf also called "The Father of the Internet", a graduate student working at UCLA began to take interest in the 4 node APRAnet, and in 1973 developed the first TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) software. (Leiner, 4). TCP/IP software converts messages into streams, transmits them acro... ...e the controversial newsgroups (until this point net. had held everything). Some systems had refused to carry the controversial newsgroups like net.rec.drugs so the ".alt" (alternative) hierarchy was created. (Diamond, 12) After the development and merger of APRAnet and usenet the internet began to grow exponentially. (Diamond, 11). The internet evolved from a small government project to the fastest growing form of communication it is today. (Blom, 2) Bibliography "Internet." Academic American Encyclopedia. 1996. Diamond, Edwin and Stephen Bates. "The Ancient History of the Internet." American Heritage. Oct. 1995: pp. 34+. In Social Issues Resource Series, Inc. History- Article #17. Blom, Eric. "Ruts in Rural Info Highway." Maine Sunday Telegram (Portland, ME). CD Newsbank. 12 April 1998. Mashall, Joshua Micah. "Will Free Speech Get Tangled in the Net?" American Prospect. Jan./Feb. 1998: pp. 46-50. In Social Issues Resource Series, Inc. Internet, Censorship- Article #1. Leiner, Barry. "A Brief History of the Internet." 17 December 1998. http://www.isoc.org/internet-history/brief.html

Business Analysis of Peak Garage Doors Inc Essay example -- Business

Business Analysis of Peak Garage Doors Inc INTRODUCTION Peak Garage Door Inc. has set a goal to increase their sales for 2004. Garage door industry is expecting a growth of 2.4% while the management of Peak is looking to increase company’s sales 26.4%. The company currently has 50 exclusive dealers and 300 non-exclusive dealers. Management has three proposals in front of them. The first suggestion is to increase the number dealers in their existing markets. The second recommendation is to develop an exclusive franchise agreement with existing non-exclusive dealers. The third recommendation is to decrease the number of dealers and focus company’s resources on increasing support for the existing dealers. Of course there is an option for them to leave everything as it is. My suggestion is to go with the second recommendation due to the fact that exclusive dealers produced 70% of company’s sales and non-exclusive dealers contributed only 30%. In order for Peak Garage Doors Inc. to reach their sales goal for ‘04 th ey will have to gain more exclusive dealers since they contribute much more profit to the company. THE INDUSTRY The residential garage door industry sales for 2003 were $2 billion; 90% ($1.8 billion) of these sales were steel doors, the type of door the Peak specializes in. Projected industry sales for ’04 were $2.05 billion, representing 2... ... Net Sales $8,452,518.40 Cost of Goods Sold $6,900,000.00 Gross Profit $1,552,518.40 Selling, General and Admin Expense $1,600,000.00 Net Profits Before Taxes -$47,481.60 Choosing option 3 would lead to a loss. Option four is to do nothing. This would mean that everything would stay the same, and Peak could expect a 2.4% increase in sales. INCOME STATEMENT 2004 Net Sales $9,420,800.00 Cost of Goods Sold $6,900,000.00 Gross Profit $2,520,800.00 Selling, General and Admin Expense $1,840,000.00 Net Profits Before Taxes $680,800.00 CONCLUSION According to the calculations, it will be impossible for the company to reach the sales goal of 12.5 million regardless of which option they choose. However the best outcome is with the option number two which is to develop an exclusive franchise agreement with existing non-exclusive dealers.

Ted Hughes Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow Essay -- Crow Fr

Social Issues and Creation Stories in Ted Hughes' Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow      Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many mythological stories that exist in this age.   Within these different myths, there are many answers to how our world was created.   Yet, one must become open-minded to other myths that do not necessarily discuss creation; Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow can be seen to fall into this category.   This collection of Ted Hughes' poetry is intertwined with social issues and creation stories.   Throughout this collection, the poems not only involve Classical and Christian related ideas they also include several twentieth century advancements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The myths that Hughes creates have the central character as the crow.   In the book Myth in the Poetry of Ted Hughes, Hirschberg gives a brief statement of how crows are viewed in different mythologies, "In folk mythology the crow is an animal figure predominantly associated with the twin motifs of death and guilt, a stark figure who embodies boldness, intelligence, adaptability to change and a twisted vitality" (126).   This description is widely evident throughout Ted Hughes' collection.   Crow goes through many phases and meditations.   Among the topics found in Crow   are views of religion, human actions, and destruction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout Crow, there are many references to Christianity.   Yet, in each poem that includes this topic, the original stories are altered to give a new style of myth.   "A Childish Prank" is one of the poems that Hughes begins altering the original biblical references.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "A Childish Prank" is a poem about a malicious trick that Crow plays on Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden.   This poem is about Adam and Eve l... ...en though we hear ideas from different sources, we must still make our own interpretations. Crow is a great mythology that has unique parallels with society and human struggles.   A mythology is meant to relate to people, and give them warnings and answers.   Through looking at the religious, emotional, and destructive implications in the collection, we see that it is a mythology; thus, if we are open-minded enough to study and accept other mythologies, why not accept the life, songs, and philosophy of Crow as well? Works Cited Hirschberg, Stuart.   Myth in the Poetry of Ted Hughes:  A guide to the poems .   Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes and Noble, 1981. Hughes, Ted.   Crow:   From the Life and Songs of the Crow.   New York:   Harper and Row, 1971. Scigaj, Leonard M.   The Poetry of Ted Hughes:   Form and Imagination.   Iowa City, Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1986.

Wireless Power Transfer

IntroductionWe can non conceive of modern universe without power and twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the use of power is increasing, but utilizing it in the most effectual manner is the biggest concern now. After the radical alteration in engineering site, sometimes the manner of power transportation is a weighty issue. Wireless power transmittal is necessary in instances where fleeting power transportation is needed, because sometimes semisynthetic music directors are non perfect for power transmittal in few sectors. Wireless Power Transfer ( WPT ) is a transmittal where electrical energy is transmitted from a power beginning to an electrical burden through an air spread with the aid of electromagnetic field. In last few old ages, there is a dramatic advancement in this sector but still it is in child degree. Background and aim Wireless power transmittal is a construct which was proposed by Nicola Tesla in the late 1800s.That clip it may sound futuristic, but Tesla’s did it enormously. No uncertainty research workers have found safer and more effectual methods of wireless power transportation, since Tesla ‘s cardinal check. It is called resonating inductive yoke, the most promising engineering that has been bloomed. The engineering takes advantage of moving ridge harmonics. From two spirals, wave harmonics make a strong nexus of magnetic moving ridges and vibrate it. Although the original initiation spiral was created by Nicholas Callan ( 1799-1864 ) , in 1836 a priest and the professor of natural doctrine, but Nicola Tesla’s spirals created the discovery for Wireless power transmittal. The chief point is why we want to utilize wireless engineering to route information when all the maps can be arranged with wired elements? Extinguishing reckons of overseas telegrams is the lone existent reply. Many medical equipments require a uninterrupted power beginning. If wires may set-up through someone’s organic structure, the hazard of shorting causes a hazard of infection for patients. Cell phones, earphones, game accountants, personal digital helpers ( PDAs ) and Internet contraptions all require a three to four pes single wire to utilize in the auto. Most of these wires are created an uncomfortable environment in the wire. WPT utilizing magnetic: Wireless Power transportation ( WPT ) is divided by two parts, one is near-field and another one is far-field parts. Although Radio Waves and LASER engineering are widely used for far-field part, but these are non excessively much efficient for near-field part. In near-field part, three techniques of wireless power transportation are used. Air ionisation is one of them, but it is a toughest technique and is non executable for practical execution. Other two techniques are really effectual, which are called magnetic inductive yoke and magnetic resonance inductive yoke. Magnetic inductive yoke is the most comprehensive method of wireless power transmittal. Interior designers can acquire some benefits from magnetic initiation instead than the wireless moving ridges. If modulated magnetic field is used to direct a signal through the air allows for a low-priced, low-power communications system. Radio waves communicate by distributing a plane moving ridge in unfastened infinite. On the other manus magnetic system is based on quasi-static magnetic field which is around the transmission spiral. It is based on the rule of change overing and conveying the magnetic flux ( ? ) between two spirals ( primary and secondary spirals ) which are non connected by wires. Transformer, electric coppice, radio bear downing tablets are the illustrations of magnetic initiation. But this method is impractical when it comes to reassigning power to longer distances. For such an experiment, it is needed that the spirals are excessively close to each other so that the short magnetic field is produced. When it is a affair of long distance, a immense magnetic field is needed and spirals should be multiple. Due to the flow of magnetic field in different waies, counter steps should be calculated to salvage the power loss. May be this is theoretically possible but is non possible practically. Magnetic resonance inductive yoke is the procedure which is used for longer distances power transportation. It is a combination of inductive yoke and resonance. Resonance is interacted with two objects really strongly. In this procedure capacitance is connected parallel to the spiral and spiral provides the induction. The resonating capacitances wipe out the divergent induction in the receiving system. Resonance Inductive Coupling ( RIC ) is extremely effectual than inductive yoke ( IC ) and RIC can be transfer power to multiple devices whereas inductive yoke is reassigning power to individual device. Magnetic initiation vs. Radio Waves: Magnetic initiation can keep a scope bound which is around 3 metres. On the other manus, wireless waive is non governable and range bound is minimal 10 metres or more. Related work: When Tesla spiral is invented, the thought of wireless power was unveiled. Now â€Å"WiTricity† is an American technology company, but in 2007 WiTricity was a undertaking of MIT pupils, where research workers were able to successfully light a 60 W visible radiation bulb wirelessly, which was 7ft off. At a glimpse, it is originally extended version of magnetic initiation up to a few metres. The chief difference is resonance ; if the magnetic resonance is same for transmitter and receiving system, energy can expeditiously be transferred and loss of power is really little. Using resonance is about 106 times efficient than without resonance. The frequence of resonation can be measured by the equation given below. Resonant Frequency = Coil Inductance x Capacitance The dramatic accomplishment of the MIT research squad is how to ticket tune the application so that the close field addition distances for a few metres, on the other manus restricting the power radiated through the far field. In 2008, Tesla’s experiment was rebuilt by Intel, which was wirelessly powering a light bulb. And in 2009, Sony exhibited a Television, which was wireless-powered at a scope of 20 inches. Very recent April 17, 2014 was another discovery for Wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic resonance. Chun T. Rim, a professor of Nuclear & A ; Quantum Engineering at KAIST and his squad developed a system, which can bear down 40 smart phones at the same time, with a highest end product power of 209 W at 20 kilohertz and power beginning can 5 metres off from receiving system. The name of this system is â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † which is an drawn-out version of inductive power transportation. Using this system a big LED Television with 40 W-fans can be powered from maximal 5-meter distance.No uncertainty, that it is a radical accomplishment after WiTricity. Advantages 1. Wireless charging: Now inductive bear downing has promised with our nomadic devices, Electric Vehicle wholly free from cord and it protects our connexions. When electronics are enclosed, there is no opportunity of corrosion. Sometimes embedded medical devices are needed to be charged, but the hazard of infection, wires penetrate through tegument should be avoided. Durability is another benefit of inductive charging. 2. High Efficiency over a Distance: Electricity, which is created by the beginning and is extremely efficient around several metres. 3. Penetrate and Frisk Around the barrier: Power transportation system is really flexible for industrial or commercial environment. Most of the edifices are furnished by wood, glass, plastics, fabrics etc. which are non created any obstructor of transmittal system. In add-on, the system has an ability to frolic around many metallic barriers. 4. Control the scope of power degree: It is possible to accomplish commanding power degree over distance. Wireless mouse and keyboard like electronic devices need milliwatts and when it is a affair of electric rider vehicle, so it gives you kilowatts. 5. Safe for nature: Cause of magnetic near field, this engineering is wholly free from Radiative manner and that’s why it is safe for nature. Biological beings are really decrepit interact with magnetic field. The world-renowned physicist Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London explains: â€Å" The organic structure truly responds strongly to electric Fieldss, which is why you can cook a poulet in a microwave. But it does n't react to magnetic Fieldss. Equally far as we know the organic structure has about zero response to magnetic Fieldss in footings of the sum of power it absorbs † . Research Aims: Wireless coursers for Electric Vehicles ( EVs ) would be a convenient characteristic, which is given a great solution of avoid to retrieve the stopper in a power overseas telegram after parking the vehicle. Wireless bear downing for Electric Vehicles is a system necessitating high electrical power ( up to 100s of kW ) and broad country of wireless power transmittal which increases electromagnetic field exposure. There are two types of radio bear downing engineerings applicable for EVs. inductive power transportation ( IPT ) system, which is known as Decision: The Wireless Power Transmission was a legendary effort by Nikola Tesla. After 120 old ages, reproduced of Tesla’s experiment agencies, necessity of engineering can ne'er be hidden. Presently the engineering is in advancement and all the twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours research workers are seeking their best and defeated the powerful challenges. Although â€Å"WiTricity† and â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † are about new engineerings, but the cardinal rule is magnetic inductive with resonance yoke. However, the most update radio power transmittal system is excessively dearly-won and immature, but the twenty-four hours is non so far when wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic is the most diacritic and sustainable option of current system. Mentions: 1 ) Sun-Hee Kim, Yong-Seok Lim, and Seung-Jun Lee, † Magnetic Resonant Coupling Based Wireless Power Transfer System with In-Band Communication† , JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.13, NO.6, DECEMBER, 2013 2 ) S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System† , 2010 International Journal of Computer Applications ( 0975 – 8887 ) , Volume 1 – No.13 3 ) Chun T. Rim, â€Å"Wireless power transportation achieved at 5-meter distance† hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/tkai-wpt041714.php 4 ) Rajen Biswa, â€Å"Feasibility of Wireless Power Transmission† , May, 2012 5 ) Wireless Power Technology hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/ 6 ) Liguang Xie, Yi Shi Y, Thomas Hou,Wenjing Lou, † Wireless Power Transfer and Applications to Sensor Networks† , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 7 ) Prof. Jenshan Lin, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission: From Far-Field to Near-Field† , University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA Wireless Power Transfer IntroductionWe can non conceive of modern universe without power and twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the use of power is increasing, but utilizing it in the most effectual manner is the biggest concern now. After the radical alteration in engineering site, sometimes the manner of power transportation is a weighty issue. Wireless power transmittal is necessary in instances where fleeting power transportation is needed, because sometimes semisynthetic music directors are non perfect for power transmittal in few sectors. Wireless Power Transfer ( WPT ) is a transmittal where electrical energy is transmitted from a power beginning to an electrical burden through an air spread with the aid of electromagnetic field. In last few old ages, there is a dramatic advancement in this sector but still it is in child degree. Background and aim Wireless power transmittal is a construct which was proposed by Nicola Tesla in the late 1800s.That clip it may sound futuristic, but Tesla’s did it enormously. No uncertainty research workers have found safer and more effectual methods of wireless power transportation, since Tesla ‘s cardinal check. It is called resonating inductive yoke, the most promising engineering that has been bloomed. The engineering takes advantage of moving ridge harmonics. From two spirals, wave harmonics make a strong nexus of magnetic moving ridges and vibrate it. Although the original initiation spiral was created by Nicholas Callan ( 1799-1864 ) , in 1836 a priest and the professor of natural doctrine, but Nicola Tesla’s spirals created the discovery for Wireless power transmittal. The chief point is why we want to utilize wireless engineering to route information when all the maps can be arranged with wired elements? Extinguishing reckons of overseas telegrams is the lone existent reply. Many medical equipments require a uninterrupted power beginning. If wires may set-up through someone’s organic structure, the hazard of shorting causes a hazard of infection for patients. Cell phones, earphones, game accountants, personal digital helpers ( PDAs ) and Internet contraptions all require a three to four pes single wire to utilize in the auto. Most of these wires are created an uncomfortable environment in the wire. WPT utilizing magnetic: Wireless Power transportation ( WPT ) is divided by two parts, one is near-field and another one is far-field parts. Although Radio Waves and LASER engineering are widely used for far-field part, but these are non excessively much efficient for near-field part. In near-field part, three techniques of wireless power transportation are used. Air ionisation is one of them, but it is a toughest technique and is non executable for practical execution. Other two techniques are really effectual, which are called magnetic inductive yoke and magnetic resonance inductive yoke. Magnetic inductive yoke is the most comprehensive method of wireless power transmittal. Interior designers can acquire some benefits from magnetic initiation instead than the wireless moving ridges. If modulated magnetic field is used to direct a signal through the air allows for a low-priced, low-power communications system. Radio waves communicate by distributing a plane moving ridge in unfastened infinite. On the other manus magnetic system is based on quasi-static magnetic field which is around the transmission spiral. It is based on the rule of change overing and conveying the magnetic flux ( ? ) between two spirals ( primary and secondary spirals ) which are non connected by wires. Transformer, electric coppice, radio bear downing tablets are the illustrations of magnetic initiation. But this method is impractical when it comes to reassigning power to longer distances. For such an experiment, it is needed that the spirals are excessively close to each other so that the short magnetic field is produced. When it is a affair of long distance, a immense magnetic field is needed and spirals should be multiple. Due to the flow of magnetic field in different waies, counter steps should be calculated to salvage the power loss. May be this is theoretically possible but is non possible practically. Magnetic resonance inductive yoke is the procedure which is used for longer distances power transportation. It is a combination of inductive yoke and resonance. Resonance is interacted with two objects really strongly. In this procedure capacitance is connected parallel to the spiral and spiral provides the induction. The resonating capacitances wipe out the divergent induction in the receiving system. Resonance Inductive Coupling ( RIC ) is extremely effectual than inductive yoke ( IC ) and RIC can be transfer power to multiple devices whereas inductive yoke is reassigning power to individual device. Magnetic initiation vs. Radio Waves: Magnetic initiation can keep a scope bound which is around 3 metres. On the other manus, wireless waive is non governable and range bound is minimal 10 metres or more. Related work: When Tesla spiral is invented, the thought of wireless power was unveiled. Now â€Å"WiTricity† is an American technology company, but in 2007 WiTricity was a undertaking of MIT pupils, where research workers were able to successfully light a 60 W visible radiation bulb wirelessly, which was 7ft off. At a glimpse, it is originally extended version of magnetic initiation up to a few metres. The chief difference is resonance ; if the magnetic resonance is same for transmitter and receiving system, energy can expeditiously be transferred and loss of power is really little. Using resonance is about 106 times efficient than without resonance. The frequence of resonation can be measured by the equation given below. Resonant Frequency = Coil Inductance x Capacitance The dramatic accomplishment of the MIT research squad is how to ticket tune the application so that the close field addition distances for a few metres, on the other manus restricting the power radiated through the far field. In 2008, Tesla’s experiment was rebuilt by Intel, which was wirelessly powering a light bulb. And in 2009, Sony exhibited a Television, which was wireless-powered at a scope of 20 inches. Very recent April 17, 2014 was another discovery for Wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic resonance. Chun T. Rim, a professor of Nuclear & A ; Quantum Engineering at KAIST and his squad developed a system, which can bear down 40 smart phones at the same time, with a highest end product power of 209 W at 20 kilohertz and power beginning can 5 metres off from receiving system. The name of this system is â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † which is an drawn-out version of inductive power transportation. Using this system a big LED Television with 40 W-fans can be powered from maximal 5-meter distance.No uncertainty, that it is a radical accomplishment after WiTricity. Advantages 1. Wireless charging: Now inductive bear downing has promised with our nomadic devices, Electric Vehicle wholly free from cord and it protects our connexions. When electronics are enclosed, there is no opportunity of corrosion. Sometimes embedded medical devices are needed to be charged, but the hazard of infection, wires penetrate through tegument should be avoided. Durability is another benefit of inductive charging. 2. High Efficiency over a Distance: Electricity, which is created by the beginning and is extremely efficient around several metres. 3. Penetrate and Frisk Around the barrier: Power transportation system is really flexible for industrial or commercial environment. Most of the edifices are furnished by wood, glass, plastics, fabrics etc. which are non created any obstructor of transmittal system. In add-on, the system has an ability to frolic around many metallic barriers. 4. Control the scope of power degree: It is possible to accomplish commanding power degree over distance. Wireless mouse and keyboard like electronic devices need milliwatts and when it is a affair of electric rider vehicle, so it gives you kilowatts. 5. Safe for nature: Cause of magnetic near field, this engineering is wholly free from Radiative manner and that’s why it is safe for nature. Biological beings are really decrepit interact with magnetic field. The world-renowned physicist Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London explains: â€Å" The organic structure truly responds strongly to electric Fieldss, which is why you can cook a poulet in a microwave. But it does n't react to magnetic Fieldss. Equally far as we know the organic structure has about zero response to magnetic Fieldss in footings of the sum of power it absorbs † . Research Aims: Wireless coursers for Electric Vehicles ( EVs ) would be a convenient characteristic, which is given a great solution of avoid to retrieve the stopper in a power overseas telegram after parking the vehicle. Wireless bear downing for Electric Vehicles is a system necessitating high electrical power ( up to 100s of kW ) and broad country of wireless power transmittal which increases electromagnetic field exposure. There are two types of radio bear downing engineerings applicable for EVs. inductive power transportation ( IPT ) system, which is known as Decision: The Wireless Power Transmission was a legendary effort by Nikola Tesla. After 120 old ages, reproduced of Tesla’s experiment agencies, necessity of engineering can ne'er be hidden. Presently the engineering is in advancement and all the twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours research workers are seeking their best and defeated the powerful challenges. Although â€Å"WiTricity† and â€Å" Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) † are about new engineerings, but the cardinal rule is magnetic inductive with resonance yoke. However, the most update radio power transmittal system is excessively dearly-won and immature, but the twenty-four hours is non so far when wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic is the most diacritic and sustainable option of current system. Mentions: 1 ) Sun-Hee Kim, Yong-Seok Lim, and Seung-Jun Lee, † Magnetic Resonant Coupling Based Wireless Power Transfer System with In-Band Communication† , JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.13, NO.6, DECEMBER, 2013 2 ) S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System† , 2010 International Journal of Computer Applications ( 0975 – 8887 ) , Volume 1 – No.13 3 ) Chun T. Rim, â€Å"Wireless power transportation achieved at 5-meter distance† hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/tkai-wpt041714.php 4 ) Rajen Biswa, â€Å"Feasibility of Wireless Power Transmission† , May, 2012 5 ) Wireless Power Technology hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/ 6 ) Liguang Xie, Yi Shi Y, Thomas Hou,Wenjing Lou, † Wireless Power Transfer and Applications to Sensor Networks† , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 7 ) Prof. Jenshan Lin, â€Å"Wireless Power Transmission: From Far-Field to Near-Field† , University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA

Exegesis on Job 42:1-17

In the passage of Job 42:1-6 there appears to be an interpretation of a divine speech to be supported by Job's response. There also occurs to be a conclusion about Job's debate with God as Job acts humbly in acknowledging his presumption about God. God, however, acts displeased by Job and his friends because of Job's friends presumptions about God as they didn't speak about God in the â€Å"right† way. When Job gets confronted by God, he surrenders, yet acts without sorrow. One may question the response that Job had towards God in verses 1-6 as he acted in a peculiar unexpected manner. In most reactions towards God there comes a reaction of fear; however Job seemed calm with his reactions towards God. Job doesn't have a proper response to God in verse 4 he says that â€Å"I will question you, and you will declare me. † In the form criticism of the text the verses 1-6 are being presented as a form of prayer to the Lord. Job never says that he was wrong to question God's justice. Job feigns submission and accepts that he will never get a straight answer from God. Source criticism is being used as the verses in three and four, Job quotes the Lord's words which were also used previously in Job 38:2-3 and uses them to make his surrender appear to be in defence to God's power. Job's true attitude however is revealed in verse six â€Å"therefore I despise myself, and repent in dust and ashes. † In the NRSV translation of this verse reflects the traditional view that Job is confessing to his sin in challenging God's justice. In most Bible translations and commentators there is a twist in verse 6 to make Job's speech an acknowledgement of sin in challenging God. There is textual criticism being presented in comparison to the original Hebrew text, though, the Hebrew text allows for a variety of translations; most of which render Job's words as anything but a confession. The verb â€Å"I despise myself† (Hebrew: 'emas) is not a reflexive form. Its other occurrences are all rendered as a simple verb â€Å"I hate/ regret†. The second Hebrew verb, nikhamti, has been translated as â€Å"repent† but other uses of the verb argue for a meaning of â€Å"rue/regret†, usually the word is not associated with sin, but with a change of mind or with finding comfort. Thus, a more accurate rendering of the verse might read: â€Å"I reject and regret dust and ashes. † Or in alternative, clearer translations which have been suggested, such as: â€Å"Therefore I retract and change my mind, being but dust and ashes†, or â€Å"I yield, and am comforted, being but dust and ashes†. Job is therefore not sorry for confronting God. Instead he seems to be accepting that God will never give him what he wants: an apology. However, how could anyone expect an apology from a supreme power as divine as God? Job has had a life-transforming visitation with God (Job 42:5): the god whom Job worshipped, based on what he had heard of him, has now made himself known through a face-to-face encounter. Job had earlier expressed his belief that he would see God at the future resurrection (19:25-27); that expectation was brought forward in an unexpected way. One can thus imagine the scene as Job having presented his case for why he should not be suffering, God then responds to Job by asking, â€Å"What exactly is it that you think you know? (38:1-41:34), and Job then expresses his satisfaction â€Å"with the humble knowledge that his sufferings were all part of the purposes of God†¦ even if he could not understand those purposes with his finite mind†. It is simply incredible to realise that Job was proved correct in his righteousness and assessment of the situation (42:7-8); thus, he offers no admission of wrongdoing, despite the more traditional exegesis of this passage. Instead, God challenges the bad theology and counsel of Job's friends and requires their confession to and submission before Job. Job's prayer for them brings forgiveness from God (:9). This is a complete reversal of our expectations for this story of suffering. In verse seven, God admits that Job was correct in accusations against the deity. The Lord tells Eliphaz that he and the other two friends have incurred God's anger and that they were wrong in what they said about God to Job. One wonders if God's anger derives not from the friends' statements about God but, rather, from their failure to minister to Job in his time of need. There original intentions were admirable they came to console and comfort (2:11) Job. Unfortunately they let their fears, instead of compassion guide their actions. The friends' first response was their silence. Whatever their sin to avoid divine punishment they must make an offering and have Job pray on their behalf. Only Job can save them now. Towards God's response to his human accusers (Job's friends), God acts in an offended manner as he wasn't being spoken to in the â€Å"right† way. There comes the question: Is God's response intended to be punitive or restorative? As God sort to punish the friends of Job, he gave them a chance to repent and feel remorse for their actions. God was teaching them a lesson that God must be obeyed and respected. However if God sort to act out in a punishing manner then what them men had falsely spoken about God, would then be true. In this aspect is the reason why God had punished the men in such an approach to see these men's obedience towards God, God gave them a chance for repentance. Therefore in this characteristic God is being both restorative and punitive; for each sin doesn't go unpunished. The men were asked to present â€Å"seven bulls and seven rams† in this concept the number seven is being used a significant amount of times in the bible. There is the rhetorical feature of the passage that what is the significance of the number seven? And what would happen if any other number was being used? These questions arise the implications of the bible and also the narrative criticism of the type of character God was, the constant use of the number seven could reveal that perhaps seven is God's â€Å"lucky number. † On one hand, the phrase, â€Å"good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people†, is completely disproved and disqualified. On the other hand, Job is not ‘blasted' for questioning God; he is corrected for his presumption and arrogance in asking such questions. Our suffering does indeed lead us to question our situation, but the story of Job promotes composure in suffering as in celebration. Job is blessed after praying for his friends' forgiveness, not after his own surrender. This could simply be a matter of timing or it could be a consequence. There is rhetorical criticism shown as to whether Job would have been blessed to the same degree if he had not prayed for the forgiveness of his friends? While we cannot answer this question, it does suggest a standard set by this passage for the care provided by Christians to pray for each other with consideration in faith. There is blessing in serving the spiritual needs of others. Job's fortunes and position are restored. He is first restored to his spiritual authority (Job: 10a). Then, his prosperity is restored doubly (Job: 10b). Then, his status is restored as his ‘fair-weather' family and friends acknowledge him with gifts (Job: 11). In addition, Job's financial means are increased beyond his starting fortune (Job: 12). In a response to narrative criticism there is a response to cultural aspects of the text, in taking the passage to a literal sense, as the regard and provision for his daughters is beyond expectation; interesting for the comparative value of girls to boys (Job: 13-15). In this peculiar event of Job's daughters receiving inheritance, it reflects a cultural break through in the historical patriarchal context of the bible. This total scenario provides a wonderful closure to Job's story, reflecting cultural norms rather than spiritual norms. There is a question that can we expect the same kind of material blessing if we're righteous? One possible answer is, â€Å"no†, because we cannot possibly imagine the same level of righteousness for ourselves, that we could ever display such brash confidence before God. The conclusion to Job's story is one of the most troubling aspects of the text. Job receives even more blessings than before. God appears to be atoning for mistreating Job. Despite this happy ending the reader begins to wonder if the rewards given to Job could make up for what he has lost. In verse 11, the text states that Job's family and friends came to comfort him. Where was this community earlier? They are described as bringing him gifts of money and jewellery. Perhaps this is how Job achieved the status of wealth again; as a result of compassion and charity. Whatever the source, Job's material possessions (e. g. sheep, camels, oxen and donkeys) are described as twice as much as he had before his tragic demise. His children, however, number the same: seven sons and three daughters. The difference is how the children are described. Whereas at the beginning of the story more attention was given to the sons, here the daughters receive the most attention. Their names are given, each having a symbolic meaning. The name of the first, Jeremiah, is difficult to render in English but may be related to â€Å"day† or â€Å"dove. † Keziah, the name of the second daughter, means â€Å"cassia,† a perfume. The third one's name, Keren-happuch, translates as a â€Å"container of Khol,† which was an eye cosmetic. They are declared to be of incomparable beauty. Job gives his daughters an inheritance equal to that of their brothers. The mention of this action would suggest that it is unusual because in patriarchal cultures, only the sons receive inheritance, and the daughters depended on a male relative or husband for survival. Perhaps Job's suffering has made him more sensitive to the plight of the powerless, especially women. The harmony of Job's life has been resorted, and he lives another 140 years, long enough to see four new generations of his family. The end of Job's life is described succinctly; â€Å"he died old and full of days† (verse 17). Nevertheless the story of Job is reassuring to note that God was aware of Job's righteousness and boasted about it. Even though Job was allowed to suffer at the hands of God's enemies, God cared for Job and helped him to appreciate better the condition of the world in which Job lived. Perhaps here is the source of Job's prosperity, that he had a wise understanding of his position in the world and a healthy appreciation for the difficulties that could befall him at any time. Job maintained his composure in the face of his suffering and maintained his trust in the God who is far beyond all understanding. Suffering is a mystery. To reduce suffering to the simple formula, â€Å"do good and good things will happen to you; do bad and you will suffer†, is to ignore the complexity of the human condition. We will apply human standards to God, in order to understand him better. Yet, God cannot be so easily understood, or manipulated. However it raises the rhetorical criticism of God's character and whether God can even make himself feel pain and suffering that he inflicts (God made us to feel pain) on human beings? God did not intend for his creation to suffer; yet, our rebellion against him places under the influence of all kinds of evil. The relational meaning of the passage is used to express the implicational measures that are associated with the suffering one undergoes and the consequences that are faced when one undermines God's righteousness. The final irony of the book of Job is that the author has used a traditional story about a holy man, a non-Israelite named Job, to explore the mystery of suffering in a very untraditional manner, suffering by his enemies. The ending of the passage ends with Job's renewed blessing, one may suggest that the ending of the new blessing of Job is the perfect ending. As a literal critic would say that it was the perfect ending to the story as â€Å"Job died old and full of days† suggesting that he was happy and fulfilled at the time of his death. However, one may question the character of Job in whether he deserved such blessing by God, as he was questioning God in the beginning of the passage.