Organizational Culture An Organization - 1231 Words

Organizational Culture Organizational Culture exists in every firm, thereby placing a significant impact on the motivational factors of employees. It is communicated through perception using values, artifacts, and the assumption of how things in are done in an organization (Daft Marcic, 2010). In fact, every firm has its exceptional personality known as culture. The organizational culture presents guidelines and boundaries for the employees’ behavior in a firm, which influences the organizational outcome. It helps the members of the organization to have a common goal of accomplishing the firm’s objectives. Organizational cultures have a substantial influence on the capability to execute the strategy and accomplish the firms’ objectives. Therefore, organizational employees are more inclined to accept change when the firm’s culture is aligned with the goals and objectives of an organization. Based on the case study, Endothon practices a market culture of organizational culture. T he company is result-based, and it emphasizes on finishing the work and getting things done. Its leader type is being a competitor, producer and a hard driver. For instance, the company’s theory of effectiveness is aggressively competing by producing goods as well as customer focus being effective. Consequently, the culture employs a quality improvement strategy that measures the customers’ preferences, improves productivity and also creates external partnerships. The expected outcomes of EndothonShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture : An Organization1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe organization that I work for has many locations but I will concentrate on my work site. The organizational focuses on the well being of the residents and families. For this paper, I decided to focus more on the organizational culture. I will look into how the administrations of this organization are directly responsible for building and sustaining the culture within an organization. Organizational Culture is the shared values and beliefs that underlie a company’s identity. In my organizationRead MoreOrganizational Culture : An Organization960 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Culture is defined according to Kreitner and Kinicki (2013, p. 62) as, â€Å" the set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments.† In addition to the core definition, organizational culture encompasses three critical layers that build off one another. The three layers are Observable Artifacts, Espoused Values, and Basic Assumptions. By, defining what organizational cultureRead MoreThe Organizational Culture Of An Organization1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe organizational culture of an organization serves as a foundation that should guide the practice and attitude of all healthcare professionals and staff. King Demarie (2015) describes organizational culture as the basis that determines right and wrong. A hospital organization’s mission, vision, and goals are derived from the culture established within the organization. Organizational decisions are highly influenced by the organizational culture within an environment. Growth, advancementsRead MoreOrganizational Culture : An Organization870 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine it. A company culture determines how employees and customers perceive the company, client treatment and how the company should react to various changes in the environment. An organizational culture is a mirror of the company leadership. Different styles of leadership ensure maintenance of various corporation cultures. The climate within an organization determines a company’s financial performance. To ensure their propositions are deemed important, a quality company culture integrates each employeeRead MoreOrganizational Culture : An Organization1303 Words   |  6 PagesCulture, a multi-dimensional notio n that resides in all individuals, yet is also the same hidden force that separates most behavioral patterns seen inside and outside of organizations (Schein, 2004). Understanding organizational culture is important because it aids in the awareness of the life of an organization, which is relative since it is believed that organizational culture impacts the performance of an enterprise, but just as leadership plays a vital in creating the organization’s culture,Read MoreOrganizational Culture Change The Organization Culture Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesworld to hear a new CEO, an organizational consultant, a leadership expert—talk about the urgent need to change the organization culture. Often organizations set high aspirations to â€Å"change the culture† but fall short of modifying the way that people feel, behave and get work done. Culture changes rarely manifest into noticeable long term improvements. It is important to note that corporate cultures are sl ow to evolve and difficult to change, that is not to say that culture cannot be changed. For startersRead MoreOrganizational Culture : An Organization1409 Words   |  6 Pages Organisational Culture The key in helping to form and provide an identity for an organisation is in its organisational culture. Northcote and Trevelyan (1853) sought to provide the Civil Service with a distinctive character. Their vision based on four principal recommendations (merit through examination, educational level, graded into a hierarchy and promotion through achievement) has meant the Civil Service has invested heavily in training programmes despite long development times. These circumstancesRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Leadership : An Organization906 Words   |  4 PagesRamirez MGT 105 Professor Call Organizational Culture and Leadership Organizational culture and leadership both affect every day working lives, even if you notice it or not. There is no single definition for organizational culture but the concept consists of socially developed rules of conduct that are shared by members of an organization. Some researchers believe that many traits of an organization’s culture are so vague and general that even the members of the organization cannot accurately describeRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Change : An Organization1288 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational culture and change Organizational culture is defined as that particular system of shared values, beliefs, and assumptions that happens to govern the way that people behave in a different organization. The shared organizational values happen to have a very strong influence on the employees of a different organization and dictate how they act, perform, dress, and carry out their jobs (Anderson Ackerman-Anderson, 2001). As such, organizational culture happens to be one of the mostRead MoreDefining Organizational Culture : An Organization2382 Words   |  10 PagesDefining Organizational Culture With numerous meanings given to organizational culture, scholars claim that the field is grounded in the shared assumptions, attitudes, and behaviors accepted and enacted by employees within an organization, which affect its performance and overall welfare (Belias Koustelios, 2014). Another widespread definition of organizational communication often used by organizational scholars states that: â€Å"Organizational culture is the pattern of basic assumptions that a group

Organ Sales - 915 Words

Most people and including this writer, probably have never given a lot of thought about organ donation, aside from checking ‘yes’ box for DMV. A far amount of people believe that once a person is dead, that using what is left of the body so another can benefit from the donation or, perhaps, even save another human being’s life. However, what about selling a kidney not donating one? The essay â€Å"Organ Sales Will Save Lives† written by Joanna McKay, delves a lot deeper into the hot topic of human organ sales and the need to change the laws. She makes a compelling argument for the legality of organ sales as well as an ethical one. In her essay, Joanna McKay gives many reasonable incentives to persuade the reader. She points out that†¦show more content†¦There is no one to turn because whole business is illegal. Miss McKay believes that regulating organ sales is not just a safer way for organ transplant but believes it is a moral and ethical duty to help those in need and secure a safe way to see that happens. â€Å"Is it moral to sentence thousands to unnecessary deaths?†(96) McKay believes it is immoral. This writer completely agrees. Over the years, kidney transplants have become much safer and easier to perform due to medical advances and new medications on the market and the risk for the donor and the recipient is very low. A person should have the right to do what they want with their own body, especially when it comes to matters of life and death. Selling a kidney to help one financially, as well as helping another person live a longer and fuller life is ethically correct. If a person can sell blood, sperm, and even pregnant women who are either surrogates or giving up their baby to a childless couple, have their entire medical and lifestyle needs paid for by the adopting parents, then why cannot similar rules be made for organs sales? Tens of thousands of lives could be saved if countries change their laws. Imagine what a true and wonderful difference in the lives of these people could be made. Summary and Analysis 1 English 112 Joanna Sharkey Works Cited McKay, Joanna. Organ Sales Will Save Lives. Ed. Richard Bullock, Maureen Daly Groggin, and Francine Weinberg. New York:Show MoreRelatedOrgan Sales713 Words   |  3 PagesSelling Organs Many people are dying each day because of the lack of organs available. Waiting lists can be as long as 106,000 people. On an average 17 patients in need of transplants die each day. Is this fair to the families or is selling organs a better option? What are the benefits of organ selling and should it be made legal? By legalizing organ selling we would be saving lives. People sell organs on the black market every day; the downfall to this is that the surgeons that removeRead MoreSale And Sale Of Human Organs1627 Words   |  7 Pagesessay, I will argue that the establishment of a market for the sale and purchase of human organs would be morally unjustified. For the purposes of this paper, my argument will allow for the term â€Å"market† to be used in its literal, physical sense, as describing a public location for commercial interaction, as well as in reference to the concept of â€Å"the market† in regards to a general domain of economic activity, in this case involving organ selling. In such a manner, we can avoid possible contentionRead MoreEssay on Organ Sales1478 Words   |  6 PagesOrgan Sales: Legalize for the Greater Good Every day, numerous people across the world stop their lives for four hours to get hooked up to a dialysis machine at a hospital nearby. This machine helps to remove harmful wastes, toxins, excess salt, and water from their body because unfortunately their body cannot do so for them. These people wait on a list until they can one day receive a kidney transplant because kidney failure has resulted in their body not being able to clean their blood properlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Organ Sales1412 Words   |  6 PagesDesperate to Live: A Definitional Essay on the Legalization of Organ Sales If there were family members or friends that were faced with a life or death situation, would they do everything in their power to get the help they needed? The easy answer would be yes; however, it is not that easy for many people. The issue here is that there is a higher demand for organs then they can supply causing people to become more and more desperate to survive. The article that will be examined is â€Å"Vera s KidneyRead MoreThe Sale of Human Organs2130 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Sale of Human Organs If your loved one was faced with a life or death situation would you do everything in your power to help them. The easy answer to this would be yes but thousands of people are dying every year because there just aren t enough organs to be transplanted. There are hundreds of thousands of individuals in need of life-saving organ transplants, but the wait list is so long, that human organ sales should be legal. This has the potential to allow patients to look for organsRead MoreSale of Human Organ1112 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish patients, who are on the waiting list for organs transplant, dies each year before they obtain an organ (Bates, 2011). While this number tends to rocket in not only England but also worldwide range, almost all the government still keep passing numerous policies to restrict the supply of transplant organs. Typically, they have long prohibited trafficking human organs regardless of proposals for reform. As a further work on this issue, the article â€Å"Sales o f Kidneys Prompt New Law and Debate† fromRead MoreThe Sale of Human Organs2046 Words   |  9 PagesKarra Bryant ENG 1020-011 Mrs. Shiner-Swanson Final Research Paper The Sale of Human Organs In the US recently the issue of human organ trafficking has become a bigger and bigger problem. When people hear that human organs are being bought and sold on the black market, they think that kind of thing only happens in third world countries, but it is quickly becoming one of Americas biggest issues. People spend years of their lives on the transplant list waiting for a life saving operation,Read MoreShould Human Organs for Sale?1699 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN ORGANS FOR SALE Should the sales of human organs be legally or not, it is quite difficult to find a satisfied answer to this controversial question at the moment. Although a large number of articles were written, numerous speeches were made, countless meetings were hold to discuss about this matter but until now it is still a big controversy issue all over the world. Thanks to the steadily development of scientist, technology and medicine treatment, nowadays human organ can be transplantedRead MoreLegalize the Sale of Human Organs956 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize the Sale of Human Organs Compensation for the donation of human organs should be legalized for medical use. Medical surgeons everywhere are calling the government to have them legalize the sale of organs for transplants; allowing people to sell their organs would help people by meeting their financial expenses, solve the lack of supply, save many lives, and get control of the black market. Compensation for donating bone marrow is legalized, so why not organs? There has been a hugeRead MoreOrgan Sales Will Save Lives1598 Words   |  7 Pagesare going through organ failure. The National Kidney Foundation even found, â€Å"Every fourteen minutes someone is added to the kidney transplant list†. Statistically speaking, that is a great deal of people in need of a vital organ. The author Joanna MacKay talks about the need for organ donations in her article â€Å"Organ Sales Will Save Lives†. MacKay disputes her case briefly when stating her thesis in the first paragraph. She gives the audience her opinion on how the selling of organs should be built

Applied Disability Policy Rights Citizenship-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Applied Disability Policy Rights Citizenship? Answer: Introduction Human beings are blessed with a plethora of facilities and opportunities that is bestowed by the nature. Every function that the human body is capable of performing is a blessing in itself. However, there are many people who are born with physical or mental deficit which restricts them from performing their daily activities like the ones who are the so called non-disabled. There are also incidents were people may become disabled due to several reasons like accidents or sickness. Though individuals with disabilities are equal with the non-disabled in terms of receiving human rights from the government but in few cases they may also require a little more support and back up. One of the most important barriers in the lives of a disabled people is transportation for which the authorities and government of Singapore has taken many initiatives as well as steps to identify the challenges faced by a disabled person while commuting on a daily basis. There are many reforms done and many are in the pipe line to be implemented (Eide and Ingstad 2017). Disability It is the condition where an individual lacks in the physical, mental or a cognitive measure to lead a fulfilling life. Sometimes disability is in born and at times it is due to some accident or illness. There are several issues faced by challenged people to perform daily activities of life, thereby restricting their capacity in functioning like a normal human being (Raghunathan et al. 2015). Types of disability Disability can include deficit in hearing, vision, psycholology or mental imbalances, autism and other physical disability. Deficit in vision include problems in eyesight or the loss of eyesight. As hearing problems include deficiency in the hearing system so people with this type of deficiency are unable to hear properly and so it lasts for a long-term purpose. Psychological problems deal with the mind and the metal health of an individual. An individual due to its cognitive imbalances creates abnormal functioning that lead to disability. Physical disability relates to the abnormal functioning of any body part in an individual. Autism is a kind of psychological disorder that is related to the brain. It creates problem in communication as autism shows deficiency in the spheres of social, communication and behavior of the individual. Among the various models of disability the social model and medical model is explained here. Social model includes the failure of society responsible in fulfilling the needs and requirements of the disabled person. Medical model includes failure of medical treatment in the curing of issues related to disabled individuals. Therefore, the models are different in their own way. Rationale for the service To ensure equal opportunities in the career, economic and financial development of the people from the disabled community, the government has to allow extra facilities for those who are impaired. To provide more encouragement and awareness for the disabled people, there must be proper guidelines and standard counseling for this particular group of people. There must also be proper caring of their needs and requirements in the construction policy. The social justice and empowerment department provides special facilities that include aids and other things required in their day-to-day functioning. Hence there should be enhanced technological aid for the disabled to enable them safe transport and mobility. Some of the challenges faced by the disabled people are that: there is dearth of opportunities, inadequate information to families and inconsistency along with problems in coordination between service providers and staffs. Funding issue of the disability is also not recognized along wi th problems in transportation and thus they are mainly discriminated and harassed. Therefore, it is clear that there is not much space, options or opportunities for the disable group of people. However, there is no stability in the process of coordination linking the service provider and the labors deficiency of transportation facilities and less financially created hurdles. Concept of Citizenship A citizen is an individual who enjoys legal rights and performs legal duties towards a country or a state. It is basically membership to a certain area which is geographically a nation or a state (Demaine and Entwistle 2016). In few countries however nationality is different from citizenship, although it means the same. Citizenship entails the right to perform the various duties and roles for being the citizen of that nation (Walsh, Black and Prosser 2017). There are currently two views on citizenship, the liberal-individualist concept and the civic republican concept. Both these concepts offer two contrasting point of views in defining the status of citizenship. Liberal citizenship includes economic nature and the growth of the nation and welfare. Citizen pays taxes for the benefit of the country and welfare of the nation. Civic republican citizenship includes on one political aspect and therefore this group is active in political concerns. They also play their roles in government a ffairs. However, for disabled people granting them their citizenship and giving them the right to vote are often excluded due barriers that hinder them. Barriers such as places being inaccessible or attitudinal barrier present from non-disabled people. Fundamentally, citizenship means being able to participate in social activities, for disabled people. There is several times distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability that comes in between experiencing the opportunities for the disabled individuals (Roets, Dean and Bie 2016). Transport system of Singapore The public transport of any area is very important in the daily lives of millions of commuters who depend on the accountability and accessibility of the transport. In Singapore as well the public transport is the most common method of commuting throughout the island. There are two main public transport system in Singapore firstly the MRT and secondly the bus systems (Lee 2005). To keep up with the dynamics of the social and demographic changes in the country, the government has put into practice several program to offer improved service and access for diverse groups like the senior citizens, wheelchair users and also young children. The initiatives that are taken provide better opportunity for the community as well as the society as a whole. The rapid transport is the metro transport system of Singapore which is used massively by all commuters on a daily basis. For people who are using wheelchairs for them the barriers are removed to allow them with smooth movement process is one of the many initiatives that are implemented by the authorities (Ee et al. 2017). The stations are designed in such a way that there is at least one route for the individuals who are disabled. Moreover, it has the lift and the barrier less pathways to facilitate the usage of wheelchairs or stretchers. There are also facilitates like tactile supervision and management system along with wheelchair-accessible toilets exclusively for the disabled people. Furthermore, in 2011 there has been installation of ramps and additional lifts at 16 MRT stations which is more that 85% of the total number of MRT stations. The new circle line stations have more than one route which is for the physically challenged people. There has been an installation of Lifts a t six pedestrian overhead bridges next to MRT stations so that there is better accessibility along with barrier-free pathways to major transport nodes. In addition, to this there is another 41 lifts installation in the process (Chin and Menon 2014). The land transport authority of Singapore is considering procedures to implement other initiatives in the transport infrastructure so that it becomes more user-friendly for the people and also for the disabled community. It has also been made mandatory for all new bus stops to be designed for barrier-free access. This policy was passed in the year 2009 and by now almost 95% of the bus stops have been renovated as per the new guidelines (Walker and Musti-Rao 2016). It is compulsory for all public buses to be wheelchair friendly from 2006 onwards (Wong 2014). Apart from the public transport service, there are also several amenities which are available for people who prefer walking. There are a lot of people commuting from one place to another on foot and hence the government should focus on that as well. The Barrier Free Accessibility Programme was taken up by the LTA and was completed in the year 2011. It is a $60 million island-wide project aimed at making the public transport facilities more manageable and easy to use for everyone, counting on those who are disabled for example those who uses wheelchair for transportation, people with visual impairment or the senior citizens. Under the programme, all public roads now accessible and barrier-free and thus the major points of the programs are stated below:- Free walking space for the pedestrians Availability and easy access to MRT and LRT stations within 400m Bus stops and taxi shelters It is sometimes difficult for the people who are disabled, physically challenged or elderly to cross the road in the given time by the traffic hence the LTA has come up with a new initiative called the Green Man. This is focused to address the needs of elderly pedestrians and peoplewith disabled who may require more time to cross the road. Hence up to 13 seconds green man time has been increased. It is aimed to cover at least 500 pedestrian crossings all over the island by 2015 (Chia 2015). Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) The success of an aviation industry depends a lot on the safety of the passengers and the level of safety guidelines that the authority follows. It is the foundation on which a traveler builds the confidence on the aviation system of the country as it offers a stable environment for aviation activities. There is a strong safety culture that has been built by the CAAS and has installed a tough safety framework based on international regulations and guidelines in compliance with international prerequisites of safety both for disabled and non-disabled people. The airport is one of the busiest places in Singapore were several domestic as well as international and connecting flights lands and take off from the Changi airport. As a lot of commuters travel on a daily basis it is the duty of the authorities to take care of each of the necessities of an individual, including the ones with disabilities. There are several initiatives taken by the airport authorities to improve the travel experience of the people who are physically challenged. The official website of the Changi airport gives out all the information of the services that are available for the people. The wheelchair services are available from all the three terminals and are very efficient in their service. An individual can book a wheelchair prior with the airline before travelling. Wheelchairs are also available for rent at the airport at $15 per hour from any one of the medical centers. To facilitate the mobility of the wheel chairs ramps have been installed which do not have any barriers. There are lift services that are available for everyone it is especially useful for the people who cannot use escalators or stairs. Both the airports under the civil aviation authority of Singapore, Changi and Seletar Airport hold record for the safety and protection of the passengers travelling through the airport. Safety of the individuals has always been the top most priority of the authorities and hence all the measures are taken to facilitate not only the disabled people but also the non-disabled people. There are large screens that are installed for the passengers which flashes the timing of the flights along with it there are announcements for the ones who are having visual deficiency and so are unable to see the timings from the screens. The steps, ramps and stairs are clearly marked with signs to help the people to identify any barriers or unevenness on the ground (Ancell and Graham 2016). Singapore Airlines The Passengers who have disabilities might have issues travelling long distances and to sustain long hours and so they are provided with proper assistance and guidance by the flight attendants. The Reduced Mobility Rights reviewed information about the special needs for the disabled passengers. It is encouraged by the airlines to give a prior notice by the passengers who are travelling with wheelchairs or any other such kind of help to make special arrangement for them (Zentner 2016). The staff of the Singapore Airlines will then take it forward form the check in point and provide the passenger with a wheelchair. There is priority boarding service for the people who are physically challenged and have reduced mobility. All Singapore Airlines aircraft are equipped with an onboard wheelchair that can be used to shuttle between the seat and the lavatory and have accessible lavatories. Seats are fitted with movable armrests to facilitate the transfer between the onboard wheelchair and the seat (Wong and Ee 2015). Government Policies and rights for disability The government of Singapore has launched a variety of initiatives and plans under special education for the disability group. Subsidy of 90 percent for the cost of technology required that is use for replacing, upgrading, learning purpose, and training and for therapy sessions. Not only this, there are certain awareness schemes and plans created by the Singapore government (Bheim and Leoni 2016). There are several events organized by the authorities to encourage the participation of disabled people. There is a lot of lack of awareness among the people about the rights and duties so there are seminars and conferences held by the authorities and NGOs in collaboration with WHO and other UN bodies to spread knowledge (Subramaniam 2016). The government of Singapore had taken the initiative of addressing the major issues and concerns of the disabled people. It had also planned to provide effective solution for the everyday challenges that these people face. It had created policies in relation to education, employment, infrastructure facilities along with the transport system. Singapore committee signed the agreement of United Nations convention on the rights of individuals with disabilities (UNCRDP) in the hope of giving equal rights to the disabled group. It aims at creating new policies and providing the protection to handle them with caring attitude (Wei et al. 2017). Laws and policies The road management is the liability of the land transport authority (LTA) and traffic police (TP) in Singapore. However, the LTA here imparts the facilities related to the roads and is responsible for the safety of the conveyances. On the other hand, TP is accountable for imposing traffic regulations, the publicity and the education. The speed is limited on roads in Singapore by 50km/h by the Road Traffic Act. The job of the LTA is to control the speed limit and the TP implement action against those who have been the offenders for going against the speed limit. Moreover, in Singapore the buses are given more priority so that they can enable faster and easy journeys for the commuters. Only emergency vehicles or police conveyances and bicycles are allowed in the bus lane apart from the buses apart from that if any motorist found driving in the bus lane during the restricted hours has to pay fine up to $1000 or may have to serve for 3months of detention. The Civil Aviation of Singapore (CAAS) is a permitted board under the Ministry of the Transport it is responsible for the development of Singapore into an International Aviation hub (Pathiyil et al. 20120. However, in UK they think that transport should be easy for everyone and so if they can make this journey easy then definitely there will be a reduction in using cars and so in this way they can lower carbon emissions. Thus, the actions the UK government took are to provide help by funding to the transport that are being used by the senior and disabled individuals, laws was established where the buses and coaches have to make their transports accessible to all kind of people involving the people using wheelchairs. Equality Act 2010 was introduced for the private transports so that their vehicles can be reachable for disabled, wheelchair users and also for those who are taking dogs. The Government has also focused on making the trains available to all. They also came up with a Blue Badge Scheme which is for those individuals who has severe problems with their flexibility and so this scheme is to help them give a close parking wherever they has to go (Dale et al. 2014). Audit of the services provided by Changi Airport According to the Audit checklist it there has been certain difficulties that has been identified which are the uneven and narrow pavement that is difficult for wheelchair users, people with physical, visual or special impartment. There are kerbs but there is no clear edge to protect the impaired individuals from accidents. There are no handrails that can help enter the buildings thus, it makes difficult for physically impaired people who need guidance when dealing with steps. The doors are not distinguishable from the outside along with low lightning which is difficult for people with visual and special difficulty. In the restaurant area the furniture are kept in close proximity that causes obstructions to the physical, special, visual impairment individuals and also those who are using wheelchairs. There is no approachable lavatory for the disabled and the one that is there is at the top of the stairs of the flight with no handrails. The most important problem cited was that there i s no facility of visual cue that can warn the people with hearing impairments at the time of emergency. Lastly, there is no recommendation to the workers that they can follow in the eviction procedure to disabled people at emergency times. Recommendation based on the Audit There must be certain changes that are required so that this airport can be friendly to all. Firstly the pavements should be broader and even so that there is no hurdle or obstruction as well as space so that the people with disabled can use it without any fear of accidents. Lights inside the buildings should be bright for the visual and spatially impaired individuals. The area of the reception should be lower so that it becomes easier for wheelchair users. Most important is the present of the handrails at every point possible. Lastly, the kerbs should have clear edges and there must be clear signs and directions as well as visual cues for the hearing disabled people for their safety. There has been a lot of improvement and initiatives have been taken by the authorities to better the situation of the people with physical and mental disability both in the Changi airport and public transport of Singapore. This in turn will increase the productivity and improve the economic condition of the disabled people of Singapore. Reference List: Ancell, D. and Graham, A., 2016. A framework for evaluating the European airline costs of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility.Journal of Air Transport Management,50, pp.41-44. Bheim, R. and Leoni, T., 2016.Disability policies: Reform strategies in a comparative perspective(No. w22206). National Bureau of Economic Research. Chia, E.S., 2015. Engineering Singapores Land Transport System. InComplex Systems Design Management Asia(pp. 99-109). Springer, Cham. Chin, K.K. and Menon, G., 2014, November. Transport accessibility and infrastructure in Singaporepedestrian facilities. InProceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer(Vol. 168, No. 2, pp. 133-139). Thomas Telford Ltd. Dale, S., Frost, M., Ison, S. and Warren, P., 2014. Workplace Parking Levies: The answer to funding large scale local transport improvements in the UK?.Research in Transportation Economics,48, pp.410-421. Demaine, J. and Entwistle, H. eds., 2016.Beyond communitarianism: citizenship, politics and education. Springer. Ee, W.M., Ng, I., Lor, J. and Wong, R., 2017. 9 Navigating through the rules of civil society.A History of Human Rights Society in Singapore: 1965-2015, p.169. Eide, A. and Ingstad, B., 2017.Disability and poverty: A global challenge. Policy Press. Koh, P.P. and Wong, Y.D., 2014, September. Walking and cycling as an urban transport option in Singapore. InProceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer(Vol. 168, No. 2, pp. 106-114). Thomas Telford Ltd. Lee, Y.C., 2005. Pedestrian walking and choice behavior on stairways and escalators in public transport facilities. Mak, A.K.Y., Ho, S.S. and Kim, H.J., 2014. Factors related to employers intent to hire, retain and accommodate cancer survivors: the Singapore perspective.Journal of occupational rehabilitation,24(4), pp.725-731. Pathiyil, L., Low, K.H., Soon, B.H. and Mao, S., 2012. Enabling Safe Operations of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in an Urban Environment: A Preliminary Study. InThe International Symposium on Enhanced Solutions for Aircraft and Vehicle Surveillance Applications (ESAVS 2016). Raghunathan, R., Balakrishnan, B., Smith, C.J. and Md Kadir, M., 2015. People with Physical Disabilities in Singapore: Understanding Disabling Factors in Caregiving, Education, Employment and Finances. Roets, G., Dean, H. and Bie, B.D., 2016. Disability rights and disability studies in social work: Uncovering different interpretations of rights and needs of people with learning disabilities in social work practice. InEuropean Social Work: a compendium. Subramaniam, M., 2016. Disability in Singapores Elderly Population.Ann Acad Med Singapore,45, pp.284-96. Walker, Z. and Musti-Rao, S., 2016. Inclusion in High-Achieving Singapore: Challenges of Building an Inclusive Society in Policy and Practice.Global Education Review,3(3). Walsh, L., Black, R. and Prosser, H., 2017. Young peoples perceptions of power and influence as a basis for understanding contemporary citizenship.Journal of Youth Studies, pp.1-17. Wei, K.C., Lee, C., Mahendran, R. and Lim, C.G., 2017. Improving mental healthcare for people with an intellectual disability in Singapore: bridging the health-social care divide. Wong, M.E., 2014. Support for students with visual impairment in higher education in Singapore: Considering university publicity materials conveying disability services and support. Wong, R. and Ee, W.M., 2015. Social impact of policies for the disabled in Singapore.D. Chan (ed.),50, pp.147-166. Zentner, A., 2016. Service as a Strategy: A Review of Singapore Airlines.Browser Download This Paper. Zhou, J., 2012. Sustainable transportation in the US: A review of proposals, policies, and programs since 2000.Frontiers of Architectural Research,1(2), pp.150-165.

Service Quality in Management

Service quality refers to the outcome of a certain service relative to expected performance. Service quality determines the impact that an organization has on its customers. In addition, it determines its economic competitiveness in the market. High competition in the global markets has prompted organizations to focus on providing service of high quality to their customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Service Quality in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations are always in search for different ways that can help them to gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Service quality management is one of the strategies that many companies are employing today in order to deal with the challenges of deregulation and high competitiveness. There are several reasons that render management of service quality important. Quality of service is one of the ways used to gain customer loyalty, sustain growth and earnings, and counter global competition. Offering services of high quality is necessary because it wins customer loyalty, which is an important aspect of growth for any business. Moreover, providing quality service contributes significantly to retention of customers by a company. Low quality of service leads to customer defection, which results in decline in earnings and renders a company incapable of competing effectively. Customers use aspects such as reliability, performance, competence and durability to determine the quality of service provided by a company. Service quality has several dimensions that managers should incorporate in their management system. These include reliability, responsiveness, access, courtesy, competence, credibility, communication, and understanding. In order for employees to offer quality service, they should offer services accurately and in a dependable manner, be ready to offer prompt services when needed, possess adequate knowledge to enab le them to offer certain services, and should be readily accessible to customers. Managers should ensure that employees are polite, considerate, and friendly to customers. Customers evaluate the quality of service according to how they are treated and the level of satisfaction of their needs. In addition, quality service can be provided by inculcating the ideals of honesty, trust, and responsibility in employees. It is important for employees to know and understand the needs of customers in order to be able to satisfy them fully.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Providing high quality service involves satisfying the needs of a customer fully, and at times exceeding a customer’s expectations on service delivery. A company’s management can use several ways to improve service quality and ensure that customers are fully satisfied. Managers should design their servic es with the aid of their customers, promote teamwork in order to encourage improvement of service quality, and set service quality as one of the organization’s goal. In addition, employee training on customer satisfaction and service quality is important. Training helps employees to learn the important aspects of offering quality service. Customer satisfaction is an important feature of ensuring high quality service. Therefore, managers should obtain feedback from customers on their evaluation of the quality of service and use the feedback to develop strategies that facilitate improvement of their service. Managers determine the quality of service immensely since they set the expected standards of service delivery that are followed by employees. In setting these standards, it is necessary for them to involve customers and employees. Methods that managers could use to improve service quality include guaranteeing, statistical process control and active involvement of customers. Moreover, service quality improves customer satisfaction and increases an organization’s earnings. Therefore, customer involvement in evaluating the quality of service is important. This essay on Service Quality in Management was written and submitted by user Seamus Beck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Condi Rice Essay Example

Condi Rice Essay Example Condi Rice Essay Condi Rice Essay Lindsey Humphries Mrs. McCaucly Speaking before Audience Febuarary 17 20089 Introduction Speech Outline: Condoleezza Rice Specific Purpose:I will introduce former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to the class. Central Idea: Condoleezza Rice is a woman of color who has strengthened our nation, by overcoming obstacles and by breaking down barriers. Thesis: Today I will tell you just who Condoleezza Rice is and how she became one of the most influential women in the United States, by explaining how she got there from her early childhood days, to her academic career, and finally, to her career as a diplomat. INTRODUCTION I. (Attention Getter)Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, once said, â€Å" I do not know anyone who has got to the top without hard work. That is the recipe. It will not always get you to the top, but should get you pretty near. † That quote brilliantly defines the recipe of the person that I am going to introduce to you guys today. II. (Reveal Topic) â€Å"Today I am going to introduce to you former Secretary of State, to former President George H. Walker Bush, Condoleezza Rice III. Credibility Statement) As a young college woman who has a distinct interest in politics and is interested in hopefully becoming, a Public Servant, by one day becoming a Civil Lawyer, I often look to powerful self-made female politicians in the United States as a role model and Condoleezza is one of them. IV. (Preview/Thesis) Briefly reveal your topic and state what your main points will be. For example: â€Å"Today, I will tell you just who Condoleezza Rice is and how she became one of the most influential women in the United States, by explaining her A. her childhood days† B. â€Å"her academic career† C. â€Å"and finally to her career as a politician and a diplomat for the United States. † TRANSITION: Let me start by telling you a little information about when she was a little girl. BODY : I. (MAIN POINT 1) Condoleezza Rice claims that her childhood taught her determination against adversity and to value education. A. (SUBPOINT) Born on November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama, Condoleezza Rice grew up in the South during the time of the civil rights movement. B. 1. a. Sub-sub-subpoint) Further examples and information to support your subpoint. You can use abbreviations for the labelExample = (SSSP). â€Å"Having two younger brothers to care for gave Jack a great deal of responsibility at an early age. † b. (SSSP) If you have an ‘a. ’ you must have a ‘b. ’ â€Å"Every chance he could he helped his Mother around the house. † 2. (SSP) More of the above. If you have a ‘1. ’ you must have a ‘2. ’ â€Å" B. (SP) You Must have a ‘B. ’ You must include at least 2 subpoints for each Main Point 1. SSP) Sub-Sub-Points and SSSPs are optional, however, you will most likely have both in your speech to support your subpoints and main points. a. (SSSP) Further examples and information to support your subpoint. b. (SSSP) If you have an ‘a. ’ you need a ‘b. ’ 2. (SSP) C. (SUBPOINToptional) 1. (SSP) 2. (SSP) TRANSITION: A transition is used to go smoothly from the 1st Main Point to the 2nd Main Point. (Include the exact wording of your transition) For example: â€Å"Now you know a little bit about Jack’s background let me tell you about his educational. II. (MP 2) Your second MAIN POINT goes here. Follow the same format that you used for the first main point. â€Å"Jack has some specific educational goals. † A. (SUBPOINT) You should have at least two subpoints under each main point. This could be one complete sentence. You cannot have an A without a B. 1. (SUB-SUBPOINT) This is where the specific examples from your research are included to support your main points. You can use quotes, examples, stories. Be sure to cite all sources. If you have a ‘1. ’ you must have a ‘2.. ’ . (Sub-sub-subpoint) Further examples and information to support your subpoint. b. (SSSP) If you have an ‘a. ’ you need a ‘b. ’ 2. (SSP) More of the above. B. (SP) 1. (SSP) a. (SSSP) Further examples and information to support your subpoint. b. (SSSP) If you have an ‘a. ’ you need a ‘b. ’ 2. (SSP) C. (SUBPOINToptional) 1. (SSP) 2. (SSP) TRANSITION: A transition is used to go smoothly from the 2nd Main Point to the 3rd Main Point. (Include the exact wording of your transition) III. (MP 3) Your third MAIN POINT goes here. The total number of main points is optional, however, three main points seems to be the number easiest to manage as a speaker, and the easiest to remember for your audience. ) â€Å"Jack enjoys life every chance he gets. † A. (SUBPOINT) You should have at least two subpoints under each main point. This could be one complete sentence. You cannot have an A without a B. 1. (SUB-SUBPOINT) This is where the specific examples from your research are included to support your main points. You can use quotes, examples, stories. Be sure to cite all sources. If you have a ‘1. ’ you must have a ‘2.. ’ a. (Sub-sub-subpoint) Further examples and information to support your subpoint. b. (SSSP) If you have an ‘a. ’ you need a ‘b. ’ 2. (SSP) More of the above. B. (SP) 1. (SSP) a. (SSSP) Further examples and information to support your subpoint. b. (SSSP) If you have an ‘a. ’ you need a ‘b. ’ 2. (SSP) C. (SUBPOINToptional) 1. (SSP) 2. (SSP) TRANSITION:A Transition is used to transition smoothly from the body of your speech into the conclusion. Include in your transitional statement your exact wording) â€Å"We can see that Jack enjoys life – let us review what makes Jack who he is today. † CONCLUSION I. (Summary Statement) Summarize your main points. Be specific and concise. Give an example from each main point. â€Å"Jack has overcome many losses and difficulties in his life. He has helped raise his two younger brothers. Wh ile helping raise his siblings he decided that he would like to pursue a career as a Teacher. Jack is not all work and no play- Jack enjoys surfing and he loves working with children. Jack has combined his two passions by teaching surfing to children in the Maui Youth Program. † II. (Memorable Closing Statement) Leave your audience with something to think about. A memorable close that refers back to the attention getter creates psychological unity for your audience. â€Å"At one time or another you may have thought to yourself that You Don’t Know Jack, however, now you do. Jack has found nothing but opportunities in the difficulties he has faced – I encourage you to take the opportunity to get to know Jack- it won’t be difficult. Let’s welcome him to our class. †

Student Expectations for Beginning Teachers

Student Expectations for Beginning Teachers As a beginning teacher, youve probably set the bar high when it comes to student expectations. After all, you want to be perceived as competent and in control of your classroom. You can enhance this aspect of your formal education by exploring helpful tips and advice from experienced teachers on ways to set realistic and achievable behavioral goals for your students. Managing Your Classroom At the outset of your new career, its normal for you to struggle with feelings of insecurity about your ability to manage your classroom. You may think, for example, that if youre too nice, your students won’t respect your authority. Still, its possible for you to create a warm, friendly classroom and gain your students respect at the same time. Allowing your students to make simple decisions, such as which assignment to do first, will improve your chances of developing a cooperative classroom and give your students a boost in confidence. A time is coming, of course, when things dont go as you planned. Be prepared for these moments with emergency strategies and time fillers, like math drills and journaling activities. Learning the Ropes One of the biggest challenges youll face in configuring your classroom to run smoothly is dealing with time management. It may take weeks for you to learn the schools policies and procedures and for your students to learn your classroom routines. If you cant remember the school policies regarding lunch count, library books, or the like, ask a fellow teacher. Likewise, encourage your students to ask questions if they forget something important. Allocate as much time as you can during the first few weeks of school to learning school procedures and developing your own within these parameters. The more time you devote to this, the easier it will be later on. Be careful not to overwhelm your students; instead, establish simple routines that they can handle. Once you see that your students are getting the hang of basic routines, you can expand or alter them. Understanding Basic Expectations Each classroom and school will require the development of a unique set of expectations, but there are some that have stood the test of time: Follow classroom rules.Be on time.Be prepared for class.Be considerate and respectful.Show respect for school property and other students.Hand in assignments on time.Wait to be dismissed.Use an inside voice.Actively participate in class discussions.Stay seated during classroom activities and events.Help each other.Work quietly and follow directions.Raise your hand before speaking. Cultivating Success You want to see your students succeed, but you may feel pressured to get through the curriculum and may not devote sufficient time to learning about your students personal abilities and interests. Before barreling through the content, get to know your students so you can better comprehend what to expect of them. Starting with the first day of school, create an open dialogue with your students and encourage them to share information about themselves. For example, ask the students to pair up and interview each other, and then share what they learned with the class. Practicing Self-Management Skills To build confident, independent students who can think for themselves, practice self-management skills early on. If you plan to have your students participate in learning centers and small groups at some point, they will need to practice working independently. It may take weeks to build independent learners. If this is the case, then hold off on the learning centers and small groups until your students are ready. Keeping It Simple When you keep routines and independent work simple, youre helping students to build their confidence and self-management skills, which in turn will help them become more successful learners. As these skills become more ingrained in your students, you can increase their workload and their access to a greater variety of academic materials. Sources Bluestein, Jane. â€Å"Great Expectations!†Ã‚  Dr. Jane Bluestein Instructional Support Services, LLC, 15 Aug. 2017, janebluestein.com/2012/great-expectations-for-new-teachers/.

Weekly paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly paper - Essay Example In restaurant operations particularly, while the foods served are enhanced in terms of content, delectability, or design, the owner ought to realize that the service attached to the main commodity must be significantly invested upon as well. By personal experience, it feels great to find out that a certain restaurant consistently makes a sumptuous menu yet due to lack of hospitable crew and stable conduct in addressing customer issues, I am more likely to generate a lasting negative impression. It would turn out this is a delicate matter to cope with in the process. Through Walker’s lesson, I have become contemplative of factors with customer service, human relations, or other intangibles which constitute not just a profitable but even a sensible kind of entrepreneurship. As an aspiring businessman, I have come to acknowledge the essence of perceiving beyond the monetary approach of stabilizing grounds and networks for optimum returns. Executing around intangibles imply responding proactively to challenges with variable connections, properly establishing which forms the key to sustaining overall trust and confidence between the producer and the targeted

Policy, planning and development for tourism Case Study

Policy, planning and development for tourism - Case Study Example In the southern part of Australia, there is an island, Kangaroo Island, commonly known for its abundance in wildlife animals and tourists flock there every year for various reasons (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003:55). This paper will seek to will provide a report detailing policy, planning, and development for tourism in Kangaroo Island. The Kangaroo Island covers a wide area, as it is 155 kilometers long, 55 kilometers wide, and has a permanent population count of about 4,400 people. One can find the Kangaroo Island at the far end of South Australia. Additionally, 47 percent of its vegetation is natively original while 57 percent is under the protection of the National and Conservation Parks (Jack, 2005:8). Studies carried out by a number of researchers recorded that, the Kangaroo Island received many tourists in the year 2003, which amounted to 180,915 people (Brown, 2006:101). After doping some analysis, these researchers found out that 26 percent of those tourists were international visitors and that was expected to surpass 60 percent by the end of 2011 (Miller and Twining-Ward, 2005:207). This means that Kangaroo Island is indeed a tourist’s destination area, which does not only require a development plan, but also an implementation platform. Upon giving the Kangaroo Island study a closer outlook, it emerged that kind of development found or seen in this area has come with a price. Pertinently, for it to look the way it does there must be concerted efforts from some stakeholders. As of today, the Kangaroo Island has an innovative program responsible for developing and monitoring the influence of tourism (Beeton, 2005:36). It is also responsible for ensuring sustainable tourism development in this island as currently the tourism industry is working towards setting measures responsible for maintaining a sustainable ecology. At Kangaroo Island, there

Big Industries Essay Example for Free

Big Industries Essay Many things that happened in history had a major impact on the world, especially when the development of big industries came about. Such things as Go-Getters, people credited for bringing the country together, and railroads, which interconnected things, all helped begin the Industrial Revolution. It was started mainly in Western Europe- England. One of the greatest things established was the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, which made it easier to travel ocean to ocean from a month, to a week. The only problem was that there was no way to tell the exact time of departure and arrival. People counted on the sun, which was not most accurate. After a while, people relied on Philadelphia time, which still had its defaults. Shortly after, men were sent to go fix the problem, and in 1883, at noon, everyone set to Standard Time, (One of 4 time zones. ) This made it easier for people who used the train as transportation, to know the exact times of departure and arrival. Another development involved in railroad transportation was the invention of, Standard Gauge, created by George Stevenson. This was a gauge set at 4 feet, 8. 5 inches, that showed how far apart rails had to be from each other. By 1869, the Transcontinental Railroad was completed in standard gauge. The South changed over to it as well in 1886, and the entire nation used it. Later on, a Go-Getter named Rockefellar, made his fortune through oil. He organized companies into pools, where all prices were the same, and there was no competition. He made it so that there was no conspiracy, which was anything that involved different prices. He built a company, known as the Trustee, which controlled all the businesses. The first trust, was called Standard Oil. Two other Go-Getters were Morgan and Carnegie. Morgan was a rich organizer who bought all bankrupted companies, and Carnegie was poor, but made money in grain trading. Shortly after, he moved into the steel industry. In 1900, he made 25 million dollars in the steel business. Morgan offered to buy his steel business for 420-480 billion dollars, and soon after, he produced 60% of the countries steel. When rock oil came along, it changed the world. A man named Bissell opened a rock oil company in Western Pennsylvania. This company was used for medicinal purposes; it was not a moneymaker. He gave a Yale professor named Ben Sillimah, 500 dollars to figure out what to do with it. He figured out that if the oil was distilled, it could operate better than kerosene used as a lubricant. Their problem was getting oil, because it could only be found in lakes, so Bissell sent Edwin Drake to find another way to drill for oil. He stopped in Titusville, and found a man named Uncle Billy Smith to drill for him. It took him 3 months to get 70 feet below the surface. One day, he found oil, and it began the oil rush. Pennsylvania became an oil field. Rockefellar started his business in Cleveland, Ohio. He bought his first oil refinery in 1865. He went to a railroad company and said that he needed to transport barrels of oil, and if they did not help him with the expensive price to do so, he would go to another company to help him, and make them bankrupt. They agreed, and gave him a rebate. After that, he went to a little company and told them to sell their company to him, but they gave him practically nothing. Soon after, he built his own pipeline, where he manufactured oil lamps, and sold it to the Chinese. The oil industry grew and exploded when automobiles were invented. Between the years of 1860 and 1910, 23 million people immigrated from Europe. In 1860, the government passed a law, making a 10-hour workday for every worker, but no one went around enforcing it. People usually worked 12 hours. In 1868, an 8-hour workday law was passed, but it only applied to government work. Usually people got paid in piecework, which was that they would get paid for the amount of products they made. This was favorable for young people. Later on, a man named Fredrick Taylor developed Efficiency Work. In 1881, he examined the factories and everyones job, and put they into tasks. He put a time on each part of the task, which meant that they could not do as they pleased and everything was a on a time scale. There was also a product/craftsmen relationship. Workers were seen as machines. They worked in a strict environment. There was much noise, poor ventilation, and poor lighting. In 1882, there were up to 675 people killed a week. Woman also worked, but had poorer jobs, and poorer pay. They had simple task jobs, such as sewing. There was no room for advancement. In 1890, the U. S. conducted a census. 9% of the population owned 75% of the wealth. This caused resentment against workers. Cooperation instead of competition began in Europe in 1830. Karl Marx wrote a communist manifesto. Most people turned to trade unions. In 1837, a panic came about, and it was a year of depression. After the Civil War, unions came about more. They provided for members during hard times. In the 1860s and 1870s unions began to nationalize. In 1869, the Knights of Labor erupted. It organized many different groups, such as farmers, factory workers, office workers- skilled and unskilled, and African Americans. Many members believed in strikes, and won the strike against a railroad company, which boosted membership to over 700,000. It controlled money, votes, and fields of work. This was called the American Federation of Labor. A man named Samuel Gompers took people of one skill, and broke them down into specific areas. In 1892, he gained 250,000 members, but women and Africans were excluded. They felt that women took away bargaining power from the union. Employees working in a factory believed in collective bargaining, which instead of one person doing the same thing at a time to negotiate demands, one did everything for all. They tried to get closed shops, which was a place where you had to join the union to work there. Employers believed in forbidding meetings, and firing union organizers. They made workers promise to not join the unions, and refused to recognize union representatives. They thought that workers most powerful tool was a strike, which was a risk to ones entire life. In 1877, B O Railroad spread across the entire country, and demanded better working conditions and better pay. In 1892, the Homestead Strike was developed in Homestead, Pennsylvania. The Pinkertons were called upon to break up union strikes. The last of the great strikes was Pullmans Strike. Pullman was a train/car maker, who built for his workers. In 1894, he laid-off and cut wages, which made people very angry. His workers went to protest, so he fired 3 out of 5 of them. The strike spread throughout the country, so employers turned to the government and President Grover Cleveland for help. All laborers had to go back to work by the force of troops that had been sent. This started a trend so that whenever workers went on strike, owners could go to the federal government for help. A man named Thomas Edison, who started out in a city to improve technology for the stock ticker, received a bonus of 40,000 dollars, and left to open a business in New Jersey. He invented many things, but his favorite of them all was the Phonograph. He invented the light bulb with the help of Lewis Latimer, and hooked up New York City buildings to a power plant. By 1890, power plants were everywhere. He came up with a direct current, that went only 1 mile, but a man named Westinghouse had made a current that was alternating, and was a transformer. By 1898, there were 3,000 power stations powering over 2 million light bulbs. The affects that it had on daily lives were the birth of appliances, such as the refrigerator, and jobs were created. The development of the Industrial Revolution changed many things, and helped a good portion of them. Americans lives were made easier, and the good that it brought out is still used today. Great accomplishments will continue to occur, and make history such as the big explosion of the development of big industries.

Biography of Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on Jan. 19, 1809 to David Poe, Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Poe. He grew up to be an 'American poet, short story writer, playwright, editor, literary critic, essayist, and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement' (Edgar Allan Poe) and married Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe. Poe was influenced by many people such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Lord Byron, Ann Radcliffe, and Charles Dickens. He was involved in the Romanticism and Dark Romanticism literary movements and demonstrated a gothic style in the majority of his works. Gloomy tales of mystery and death are what Poe was typically known for. Poe used the tone and the organization of his poems, as well as imagery, to make his poems unique and interesting. The tone of Poe?s poems is one of the major aspects people seem to remember about them. ?A Poe setting, atmosphere, or situation is instantly recognizable? (Minor). All of Poe?s poems demonstrate the dark and melancholy tone that was so unique to his writing. ?The apparent tone in Edgar Allan Poe?s ?The Raven? seemingly represents a very painful condition of mind, an intellect sensitive to madness and the abyss of melancholy brought upon by the death of a beloved lady? (Heimel). Poe starts off at the very beginning of this poem with a melancholy tone when he says, Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow, -- vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow-- sorrow for the lost Lenore-- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore-- Nameless here for evermore. This tone causes the reader to feel the pain and sadness that the man in the poem seems to be feeling due to losing his lover. Poe also demonstrates this tone in ?Annabel Lee?, especially at the end, when he talks about his bride that he will never see again. Poe consistently made his poems catchy and organized them in a way so that they would be distinct. He seemed to like to demonstrate internal rhythm and repetition in the majority of his poems. In Poe?s poem, ?Annabel Lee?, he repeats the name ?Annabel Lee? constantly throughout the poem. Also he uses internal rhyme throughout this poem.

Medieval Philosophy St. Anselm, an Archbishop of Canterbury

Born in Aosta, in a town off Lombardy, St. Anselm grew up with his mother and father. His mother spoke of the greatness and power of God often. She would describe him with very high regards and Anselm assumed he lived somewhere nearby considering they lived in the mountains already. St. Anselm believed that he witness the greatness of God. He dreamt of his servants and a feast of bread with the King. The servants consisted of women and worked just as servants do. As they were all off gathering the harvest he and the Lord ate a meal of bread together. When St. Anselm woke from his dream he told everyone that he sat with the lord and how immense it was. This sparked his interest in God even more.As a young child he was a quick learner (Eadmer, 1972). When he reached his teenage years St. Anselm was loved by many; even those that opposed authority, He was also still hungry for wisdom. He attempted to join the missionary and become a priest but was denied. The monk would not let him in b ecause they did not think his father would approve. St. Anselm’s mother died some time afterwards. His father was a very strict man and was hard on him. He was so tough on St Anselm that the boy decided to set out on a journey of his own. He looked to learn and he found it in a teacher near Avranches. St. Anselm was a devoted scholar who later became Archbishop and doctor of his church.To the claim: To me God does not yet exist; but there is a creative force constantly struggling to evolve godlike knowledge and power, every man and woman born is a fresh attempt to achieve omnipotence and omniscience.This bluntly means that no current God exist. That everyman and woman is a mold attempt to attain total power and knowledge in an image imitating what he or she believes to be of God. The creative force that is being described is used as a synonym to what God’s power would be in this sentence. Considering that the statement is one without belief then the power and knowledge of a superior is describing a goal man is trying to reach when reproducing him or herself. He has not yet achieved it; therefore he continues to reproduce. Man attempt to create the ultimate human being by mating with those that offer the most beneficial offspring. That is the natural instinct of man; to create flawless images of him; to duplicate his positive qualities into another being.With this being said St Anselm would disagree with the statement that God didn’t exist. God existed in the days of Medieval without question. Philosophers just knew he existed and St. Anselm used the Ontological argument as his own translation. The main problem in the eleventh century was not only if God existence was real, it was proving the theory. Many felt that it was just something in the Bible and others felt there was more answers, St. Anselm being one of them.St Anselm felt that a fool says there is no God. When he or she thinks of this image they contradict themselves. They perceiv e something that is not real to them. He believes it is possible to be because man is created in the image of him and no other. There is no other animal or being that replicates the image of God. St. Anselm considers that we can imagine things but only those that are true will be defined. The definition of God is one being superb to all; he is thought to be just that, even by the imagination of nonbelievers.St Anselm was a philosopher that wanted to analyze the words of the Bible and put proof behind them. His definition of the relationship between man and God requires that you have a somewhat religious background and or belief. (2002). He feels that there is one great thing or many that is created through that one. One thing that is greater than all things.There is a being that is good and that creates and receives goodness through itself. He feels that all things that are good receive their good either through themselves or through another. At the highest level all things are eith er identical or one thing is significantly different than the rest, giving it distinct God-like qualities and making it superior to all else.St. Anselm believes that God does exist in reality. All things that are real exist in reality and all things that are not exist in dreams. Dreams are not reality and all things through God go beyond man’s dreams. St. Anselm would change his opinion to make no one happy but won the hearts of many. He stood behind what he believed. His Ontological argument says that the existence of God can be proven through intuition and reason alone and no physical evidence is necessary.Although many philosophers have disagreed with this argument, St. Anselm insists that if a person can conceive of God, then God does exist. He argues that if someone states â€Å"God does not exist† then he or she is contradictory of his or her self. Since they are made in what he thinks to be the image of God himself.Many theorist and philosophers felt that God wa s a being that common man was incapable of communicating with. They felt that he had given them the knowledge to learn of him but not to go beyond that. Meaning that we will only know what he wants us to know and we will only learn of him what he allows us to. Some felt that they were not going to ever talk with God or get the answers that lead to his existence.St. Anselm believed â€Å" sin has so darkened our minds that we cannot hope to reach the truth unless God graciously leads us to it. He does so by offering us the truth through revelation and by inspiring us to accept that revelation in faith. Once we accept the truth on that basis, however, we can hope to reason out proofs for what we have already accepted through faith. God is rational, and what he does is rational, and we ourselves are blessed with reason. Thus we should be able to discover the rationality of God's actions, at least to some extent. We are like students who, unable to solve a mathematical problem, are giv en the answer to it and then discover they can reason out why that answer is correct (1996).† With this belief strongly embedded into St. Anselm’s way of thinking he would change the way that we look at religion today.This theory is still in existence today. Theologians that studied later on after St. Anselm found it hard to accept this wisdom from such a young philosopher. St. Anselm felt that God spoke to him very clearly. He was taught of this God as a child and as he got older he studied this God. As a man he became to know this God and have an intimate relationship with him. He learned that while in the struggles of life’s journey that God was the not only a philosophy but he was also a reality. God was of concrete power and understanding while all others were temporary. His relationship with his father and many peers were not solid and caused him great grief. The encounters with God were reality to him and they were permanent. He realized that God controlle d all that was. St Anselm intriguingly realized that his life was apart of God’s plan, a part of his story.History in this case defines God’s story. It included St. Anselm’s life plan. He wanted to learn as much as possible about God. St. Anselm was a very wise young man for seeking the wisdom of God and that is why he was given the gift of knowledge.His gift was the ability to spread the word of God and his faith in him. He believed in a mighty God that from his testimonies gave him all that he needed. He was hungry for the knowledge that others may have feared. He was not afraid to die on his deathbed because he was sure that he would go to be with God. He was rumored to have asked the Lord if he could stay long enough to find out where our souls started and their purpose. He felt that after him there would be no one else so competent to do his work.St. Anselm was not only a miracle of his time but ours as well. He proved that nothing could stand in the way of knowledge by not allowing his challenges to lower his power to believe. Believe in what he knew to be. He made history not just for his argument but also mostly for his courageous journey through discovery with his own beliefs.Reference:Eadmer and translated by R.W. Southern. May 1, 1972.The Life of St. Anselm: Archbishop of Canterbury. New York. Oxford University Press.Paul Halsall (Jan 1996). Anselm on God’s Existence. Medieval Source Book. April 26, 2006. http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/source/anselm.asp

Language and Culture Essay

Language and culture reciprocate a fluid relationship. They both interact and shape the structure through which individuals can mediate their lives within a social context. Language and culture are immanent forces that help to define and open up the way we understand various dimensions of our lives, whether through the mass media and advertising, science and technology, slang, diverse vocabulary, changes of meanings. This essay will aim to break down the specific forums through which language is useful to culture and how culture forms the mechanisms and strategies through which we use language. I will begin with a discussion of the relationship between language and culture and then move on to the different paradigms that contain specific uses of language. To begin, it will be helpful to lay a framework upon which to build a working definition of language. According to the University of Princeton’s online dictionary, language is â€Å"a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols† (Language). This is straightforward enough for us to understand that language acts as a medium for communicating. The key terms to highlight here are systematic as well symbols because they stretch the function of the definition to include the power that institutions have over language as well as the way that language can shift and change through semiotics. As a system, language relies upon a specific and formal set of rules in order to function. Grammar, syntax, slang, and meaning are all elicited from the rules of language. The institution of a particular language also varies greatly depending on socio-economic factors as well as through educational strategies. For example, with the rise of information technology and the internet as well as through global capitalism, the English language has taken center stage as a pseudo-global language due to its far reaching capacity and its prevalence in scientific and technological innovations. It will be interesting to see how the role of English changes as the world becomes smaller through interconnectivity and the rise of other global languages such as Chinese. Different cultures, through different languages, create different modes of expression and understanding that give rise to cultural diversity. Cultural diversity relies upon the comparing and contrasting mechanisms through which meaning is ingrained. Semiotics is the realm of language that is concerned with signs and signification. Language is the tool through which we identify particular signs and accord them a meaning, or a signification. This is important because through the sign, or symbol, a culture places specific connotations beyond the traditional denotative structure of language. Language both identifies and distinguishes. This is where varying mediums play a significant role on the way cultures digest and create their lives through language. To illustrate how this works, I will next discuss the role that the mass media has on both the language of culture and the culture of language. The dominance of mass media and advertising over the realms of cross cultural communication cannot be underestimated. Through advertisements, newspapers, television, radio, and the internet, people across the world have instant access to a constant stream of information that shapes the way we live our lives. This can have both positive and negative impacts. On the positive side, mass media acts a vehicle for cross cultural dialogue. It provides people with a common language and a common set of terms through which to discuss the pressing issues of the day. The information presented is current and has a specific point of focus. Depending on a person’s cultural condition and through which avenue of mass media they travel on the information highway, the meaning of the information changes dramatically. In this way, two people from different cultures can watch the same news clip and come away from the experience with two completely different understandings from the same language and information. On the negative side of mass media we can point to what cultural theorists beginning with Antonio Gramsci have termed cultural hegemony. This names a dual process through which competing ideologies are struggled out on the stage of culture and through which subversive or outsider paradigms are brought into the dominant arena of culture in order to assimilate and therefore neutralize the conflict of interests (Chandler). This applies to our discussion of language and culture because it helps explain how the role of the media frames certain issues in order to parlay a particular point of view. For example, here in America hegemony can be witnessed through the way Fox News presents its conservative political agenda against the way that Comedy Central portrays its progressive politics through shows like the Daily Show. The language presented and used in media relies upon subtle ideological functioning in order to suggest at an agenda or viewpoint instead of simply communicating said purpose. As mentioned before, language both identifies and distinguishes. As in the previous example of news presentation, we can see how Fox News identifies its audience through its conservative ideology. By identifying as they do, they also distinguish themselves from the liberal-leaning Daily Show audience. It will be interesting to see how much, if any, influence Fox News can have during the Obama presidency and the rise of liberalism after relying so heavily upon Republican and conservative politics through the Bush administration. The shift in the power of balance in American politics will sway the tide of public opinion in the arena of culture that hegemony frames. We can also witness the way science and technologies rely upon specific uses of language in order to elucidate communication and meaning. Perhaps this arena of culture illustrates the example best. Science and technology create paradigms of knowledge. By this, we can see how biochemists almost literally speak another language than nuclear physicists in their professional lives. Again, this is not a positive or a negative situation; it is a cultural practice that plays itself out through particular frameworks of understanding the world. Another interesting example of how science and technology play out in the realm of language is to consider the macro level. As hinted at earlier, science and technology, with their innovations originating largely from the United States and Japan, have consisted and evolved through the language of not just professional jargon, but specifically and nearly exclusively through English. In his innovative essay, Translingual Travel: The Discourse Practice of Cultural Hegemony, Chinese cultural theorist Dai Xun writes of the impact this phenomenon has in China, â€Å"The primary premise in the rise of cultural hegemony is the advantages and control western countries enjoy over science, technology and information (Xun). This is another form of cultural hegemony that phases out periphery languages at the cost of integrating English into the global vocabulary as well as forming the unbalanced socio-economic relationships of our age. Language is utilized for specific purposes through systematic controls and symbolic gestures. That being said, language is not a monolithic and static entity. Although language relies on specific grammatical and syntactical rules, cultures have always innovated and bent the rules of grammar in an effort to assert their unique cultural conditions. The rise of slang is one of the most important and culturally reinforcing tactics that marginal groups use to coalesce and self-identify. Slang is a part of language, and it follows that it serves again to identify as well as to distinguish. One of the most striking examples of slang can be witnessed in hip-hop music. Hip-hop is rapidly becoming a global phenomena and it goes beyond just the music to include fashion, dancing, music making and lifestyle. In this way, the slang the hip-hop community uses separates them from other groups while also helping them to identify with like-minded people. Hegemony in the realm of hip-hop can help explain how power relations work themselves out through culture. In its infancy, hip-hop was a culture unique to African-Americans in inner-city America. With its popularity and rise through mass media, white, middle-class teenagers are adopting hip-hop into their lifestyles and trying to identify with the conditions that gave rise to it. This is how dominant culture integrates what was previously a subversive and politically threatening subculture into the mainstream. Now we see hip-hop artists in children’s cartoons, at suburban schools and in the malls. In conclusion, language and culture maintain mutually reinforcing relationship. Both dominant and subversive forms of communication are played out on the arena of cultural hegemony. This condition goes beyond the traditional positive/negative paradigm of culture. What is important to some cultures can have very little significance to others. Works Cited Chandler, Daniel. (2000). Gramsci and Hegemony. Marxist Media Theory. Retrieved December 22, 2008 from http://www. aber. ac. uk/media/Documents/marxism/marxism10. html Language. (2008). Wordnet. Princeton University. Retrieved December 22, 2008 from http://wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=language Xun, Dai. (2008). Translingual Travel: The Discourse Practice of Cultural Hegemony. Southwest Normal University. Retrieved December 22, 2008 from www. ln. edu. hk/eng/staff/eoyang/icla/Translingual%20Travel

Function of the SAT - PrepScholar 2016 Students Encyclopedia

Function of the SAT - PrepScholar 2016 Students' Encyclopedia SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many 4-year U.S. colleges and universities require SAT or ACT scores fromtheir prospective students. Admissions officers, particularly those selecting for academic ability, consider the SAT as a measurement of academic ability and potential. The SAT is meant to be a reasoning test that evaluates students' problem-solving and analytical skills, rather than their specific content knowledge. Note: this article is a series in the PrepScholar2016 Students' Encyclopedia, a free students' and parents' SAT / ACT guide that provides encyclopedic knowledge. Read all the articles here! SAT scores are not the sole criterion for admission, nor are they the only measure of academic ability within a student's college application. Scores are considered in conjunction with high school grade point average (GPA), course selection, and other indicatorsof achievement. Many admissions officers emphasize that they take a holistic view of each applicant, considering the "whole person" as evidenced by his/her grades, extracurricular involvement, recommendations, and personal essay, among other demonstrated interests, accomplishments, and goals. While most colleges do not publicize specific SAT score minimums, many share data on the average scores of their accepted students. If this data shows a range of scores from the 25th to the 75th percentile, then the higher end of the range may be more representative of the school's SAT score expectations for the majority of regular applicants. The lower end of this kind of range may reflect the scores of special interest applicants who can gain admission with lower SAT scores, like students who are recruited for athletics. While many admissions officers claim they take a holistic approach, some will not review applications that do not contain a certain minimumSAT score. Conversely, high SAT scores are rarely a guarantee of admission, especially not at selective institutions like those in the Ivy League. Studentsthat entered Harvard's class of 2017, for example, had an average SAT score of 2237. Harvard's recruited athletes, on average, scored 173 points lower on the SAT than their non-recruited classmates. In addition to sharing data on average SAT scores of incoming students, most colleges share their policies on SAT scores. Some schools "superscore" the SAT, or take students' highest section scores across all testing dates and recombine them into a maximized composite score. Popular schools that have a policy of superscoring the SAT include Boston University, Columbia, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, and the University of Connecticut. Other colleges look at a student's highest sitting on one date he/she took the SAT. Schools that consider students' "highest sitting" include Arizona State University, Colorado State University, Oregon State University, and University of Wisconsin. By researching their prospective colleges' stance on SAT scores, students may adjust their preparation and test-taking plans accordingly. An increasing number of colleges have adopted test flexible and test optional policies. These may allow students to send SAT Subject tests or AP tests in lieu of the general SATor to choose whether or not to send their SAT scores. NYU, for example,allows students to send three SAT Subject Tests or three AP tests in lieu of the SAT, among other options. While students may be able to decide whether their scores are an accurate representation of their academic ability when applying to test optional schools, those who omit their scores may be at an empirical disadvantage when compared with theirpeers who chose to include their scores. HampshireCollege is the only school thus far that has adopted a "test blind" policy, stating, "We will not consider SAT/ACT scores regardless of the score. Even if it's a perfect score, it will not weigh into our assessment of an applicant." While colleges take varied approaches to their consideration of SAT scores, College Board states that the SAT is meant to give national perspective to local data from schools on students' achievement and ability. As a standardized test, College Board maintains that the SAT measures academic ability independent from differences among students' educational experiences by school district, including variationsin curricula, school funding, and course rigor. Critics of the SAT drawon data that shows a correlation between higher SAT scores and higher levels of family income and parental education. Rather than testing students "on a level playing field," SAT critics claim that the SAT contributes to existing patterns of social and educational inequality. The changes made to the redesigned SAT, which will be administered starting in March of 2016, may have been partially motivated to address these criticismsand to make the SAT more accessible to students across income levels. The elimination of high level vocabulary words in favor of medium-range, multiple meaning words, for instance, may be one change aimed to make the test more fair and to improve its validity and predictive power. College Board also recently began a collaboration with Khan Academy to offer free videos, lessons, and sample questions for students to prepare for the new SAT. In addition to addressing the concerns of critics, College Board may have been motivated to update the SAT in order to remain competitive with its counterpart, the ACT. Historically, the majority of American students who lived on the East and West coasts took the SAT while students in Midwestern states took the ACT. In 20, the number of students who took the ACT nationwide surpassed the number that took the SAT for the first time. The redesigned SAT will more closely resemble the ACT in several ways, particularly in the format of its vocabulary questions and its newly optional essay. Read more from the SAT Encyclopedia! Further Reading Which Colleges Superscore the SAT? Colleges Requiring All SAT Scores Sent: Complete List How Can You Build the Most Versatile College Application?

Geography Facts About the Amazon River

Geography Facts About the Amazon River The Amazon River in South America is an amazing and important river for the planet and therefore, you need to know about it. Here are the eight most important things you need to know about the Amazon River. 8 Amazon River Facts The Amazon River carries more water than any other river in the world. In fact, the Amazon River is responsible for about one-fifth (twenty percent) of the fresh water that flows into the worlds oceans.The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world and is about 4,000 miles (6400 km) long. (In July 2007 a group of scientists reportedly determined that the Amazon River might just be the longest river in the world, taking that title from the Nile River. It will take further studies to substantiate the claim and for the Amazon River to be recognized as the longest.)The Amazon River has the largest watershed (area of land that flows into the river) and more tributaries (streams that flow into it) than any other river in the world. The Amazon River has more than 200 tributaries.Streams that begin in the Andes Mountains are the starting sources for the Amazon River.Most of the runoff of Brazil flows into the Amazon River along with runoff from four other countries: Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. Due to the vast amount of water as well as sediment that are deposited where the Amazon River meets the Atlantic Ocean, the color and salinity of the Atlantic Ocean are modified for nearly 200 miles (320 km) from the delta.For much of its path, the Amazon River can be as much as one to six miles wide! During flood seasons, the Amazon River can be much, much wider; some report it is more than 20 miles wide (32 km) in certain places.The Amazon River took different routes since it began to carry water. Some scientists have determined that the Amazon River even flowed west at one time or more, into the Pacific Ocean.

Samsung Galaxy XCover Snowfield Advert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Samsung Galaxy XCover Snowfield Advert - Essay Example It is, arguably, the leading Smartphone manufacturer in the contemporary society. Cheil, a Chinese advertising company based in Beijing, China prepared the Samsung Galaxy X Cover Snowfield advert and published it in October 2011. The advertisement is a creative play of the idea that the Samsung X Cover device is so high-tech, that it will be the ultimate guide to the user even in destinations that they have never visited. In their words, ‘Just like you have been there.’ The mobile advert generally portrays a relatable mood of adventure and curiosity. The advert is rich in color from the subject matter to the general serene surrounding. On the Samsung Galaxy X Cover: Snowfield advert the setting is on the top cap of a mountain. The background is beautiful, bright and oozes an undeniable sense of natural tranquility. This is the ideal destination for explorers and tourists. For the free-spirited individuals, it is the epitome of a good time. The authors of this mobile adve rt clearly envisioned the young, fun-loving and free-spirited people as their target audience when they set out to create this advert. The subject in this advert is a young male who is set out to have the best skiing ride of his life (Hope 79). The angle focus is perfect for it clearly implies how the skiing will take place. The target audience for this advert relates to the setting since almost everyone has or strives for a dream destination or an adventurous quest. The appeal of pathos in this mobile advert is achieved by connecting.

Apple Computer, Inc. iPhone and Apple TV Assignment

Apple Computer, Inc. iPhone and Apple TV - Assignment Example In an effort to improve their software products, Apple partnered with Motorola and IBM to produce a power PC chip to run the PowerMacs. Despite this effort, losses in the company increased during 1996 and 1997. While Apple was trying to market its products, a number of competitors emerged in the technological field. This was attributed to the rapid changing entertainment industry. An example of such a company is Got Voice Company, which allows users to record and send voicemail messages in MP3 format to their email accounts, a free service, challenges Apple’s Visual Voicemail on the iPhone. Apple’s effort to expand its business to include more media and software is likely to face challenges. This is an effort to maintain its tech savvy image in the production of its products. The unique design in its products has established a large customer base, which will place more pressure on Apple’s design team. Dimensions along Which Company Success Can be Measured To be a ble to measure Apple’s success, a number of measures can be used. From a financial perspective, Apple’s revenues can be used to indicate its success. These revenues vary depending on the product and region. For instance, Apple’s net income in 2007 from digital music amounted to $3.5 billion. In addition, other financial criteria that can be used include cash flow records, debts and net income. Customers can also be used as a measure of Apple’s success. This covers the market share, growth and customer satisfaction. By 2007, Apple controlled more than 70 percent of the digital music market. In terms of growth, Apple is aiming to capture at least 1 percent of the global cell phone market. Customer satisfaction is evident from Apple’s huge following of its tech savvy products. Another criterion to be used as a measure of Apple’s success includes its internal business processes that cover product quality, marketing effectiveness, inventory contr ol, cost management and margins. Consequently, Apple’s success can be measured through the introduction of new products such as iPad, Apple television, iPod, iPhone and iTunes. Furthermore, these new products indicate Apple’s advancement in technology and their efforts in research and development of new and innovative products. Moreover, Apple’s strategic agreements with various companies indicate that it has grown. These include agreements with Volkswagen, Nike, Burton Snowboards and Starbucks. These agreements include Apple’s iPhone product. This affiliation with different companies has increased customers confidence in Apple’s products. Critical External and Internal Environment Factors Strengths Internal factors that have an impact on Apple’s future depend on the assets and competence within the company. Some of its strengths include its global presence, brand image, strong media content and a synergistic portfolio. The iPod has penetrat ed about 70 percent of the digital music market and continues to grow due to its high sales in the portable digital music industry. Recent studies reveal that Apple has opened more than 200 retail stores worldwide. These retail stores have contributed an estimated $200 million. Apple’s ability to penetrate the global market has made it provide high tech products. These products have gained acceptance in different cultures across the world. Apple’

Exploratory Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploratory Research - Case Study Example It is important to employ the most suitable method of qualitative research in determining the viability and effectiveness of such quality teams. Critical Review Question 1 (b): Here, the bank loan officer who wants to forecast the economy of the state in which the bank operates needs to outline a research design which helps him find the exact data and analyze them to arrive at a conclusion. A quantitative research method is most effective in such situations. Critical Review Question 1 (c): It is important to employ a qualitative research method in order to respond to the product manager's suggestion that a non-tobacco cigarette which is blended from wheat, cocoa and citrus needs to be developed. It is only through the employment of such a qualitative research method that one can determine the viability and success of a non-tobacco cigarette. Critical Review Question 1 (d): In a scenario where the research project needs to identify the issues of concern to labor union, a mixed research method is most recommended where qualitative research method and quantitative research method are blended. Critical Review Question 2: The utility of case studies in social researches is manifold and the social scientists use different terms such as 'N of cases', 'case study', and 'sample of cases' to refer to this. The case study research method may be comprehended as an empirical inquiry which analyzes a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context and this helps one in realizing specific aspects of a particular situation. "Case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies emphasize detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships." (Soy, 1997). However, there are also significant limitations connected with the method and the critics of the case study method assume that the study of a small number of cases cannot provide any grounds for ascertaining reliability or generality of finding s. It is also maintained that the intense exposure to study of the case can result in prejudiced findings. Critical Review Question 3: In qualitative research, a focus group is an essential factor and has several vital functions to serve. A focus group may be understood as a "carefully planned discussion designed to obtain perceptions on a defined area of interest in a permissive, non-threatening environment." (Qualitative Research: Focus Groups). Therefore, it is a group of people who are asked about their outlook on a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, innovation, or a new technology. The most important function of a focus group is to answer to the questions asked in an interactive group setting and in such focus groups participants are given freedom to interact with other members of the group. The several proven benefits of the focus group method lead many researchers to depend on this method in extensive researches. Critical Review Question 4: The use of a focus group in social researches depends on their advantages and limitations conne